Physiological Psychology Exam Questions

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EXAM I
                 FALL, 2001

The resting potential is a product of what force(s)?

a.   opening of the Na+ gates
b.   osmotic pressure
c.   electrostatic pressure
d.   both b and c

The anterior pituitary produces what hormone(s)?

a.   follicle stimulating hormone
b.   antidiuretic hormone
c.   oxytoxin
d.   tyroid releasing hormone

Cerebral spinal fluid...

a.   mediates between blood vessels and brain tissue in exchange of materials
b.   is located outside of the ventricles
c.   acts as a shock absorber or cushion
d.   both a and c

Relative stimuli occurring within a brief time that can have a cumulative effect is referred to as...

a.   spatial summation
b.   synaptic potential
c.   inhibition
d.   temporal summation

When the sodium gates are firmly closed and the membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of the stimulation, this is know as the...

a.   refractory period
b.   absolute refractory period
c.   potential refractory period
d.   relative refractory period

Which of the following is NOT a reason to do research on animals?

a.   Sheds light on human evolution
b.   Some experiments are unethical to perform on humans.
c.   Most of the animals that research is done on spead disease so it helps humans as well.
d.   It is easier to address underlying mechanisms in animals than in humans.

Which of the following is not a method used to study the brain?

a.   Lesion
b.   Dubbing
c.   Stimulation
d.   Recording

What is the function of Lysosomes?

a.   They act as an intracellular digestive system
b.   They form an outer cytoskeleton of a cell
c.   They serve as a transport system within the cell
d.   They produce proteins

Which of the following is not a type of Glial Cell?

a.   Oligodendroglia
b.   Schwann Cells
c.   Astrocytes
d.   Endothelial Cells

What is the charge on the inside of cell with respect to the outside?

a.   -70 to -80 mV
b.   70 to 80 mV
c.   -90 to -100 mV
d.   90 to 100 mV

Sherrington pinched a dog in more than 1 spot at the same time to produce-

a.   excitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
b.   saltatory conduction
c.   temporal summation
d.   spatial summation

A postsynaptic receptor activation that is slower, longer lasting and involves a 2nd messanger is-

a.   ionotropic effect
b.   nuerotransmitter effect
c.   metabotropic effect
d.   hormonal effect

Which cranial nerve does NOT have both a sensory and motor component?

a.  abducens
b.  vagus
c.  occulomotor
d.  accessory

Which of these is an invasive technique of research?

a.  PET
b.  Stereotaxic surger
c.  MRI
d.  CT scan

Which part of the brain controls vital reflexes including breathing and heartbeat?

a.  medulla
b.  thalamus
c.  pituitary
d.  hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

a.  inc. heart rate
b.  inc. digestion
c.  inc. breathing rate
d.  inc. BP

Detereoration of the basal ganglia causes which disease?

a.  MS
b.  cancer
c.  Parkinsons
d.  ALzheimers

Which lobe of the brain controls motor movement?

a.  occipital
b.  temporal
c.  parietal
d.  frontal

Which is not a type of neuron?

a.   Sensory
b.   Motor
c.   Interneuron
d.   Outerneuron

A drug that binds tightly to a receptor but fails to stmulate it has a ________ affinity but a _______ efficacy.

a.   high; low
b.   low; high
c.   high; neutral
d.   none of the above

Which Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex is correctly matched with its function?

a.   Frontal (motor)
b.   Parietal (vision)
c.   Temporal (sensory)
d.   Occipital (audition)

Methyphenidate (Ritalin) and cocaine both block the reuptake of _______ at the same receptors in the brain?

a.   amphetamine
b.   Serotonin
c.   Dopamine
d.   Adenosine

A technique of the Physiological Psychologist is?

a.   Lesions
b.   Stimulation
c.   Recording
d.   All of the above

Of the following explanations of behavior, this explanation traces the interactions among genes, nutrition, and experiences and how they influence behavioral tendencies.

a.   physiological
b.   ontogenetic
c.   evolutionary
d.   functional

What is the main function of radial glial cells?

a.   phagocytic functions
b.   insulation
c.   guidewires for regrowth
d.   myelination

During resting memebrane potential, which of the following is true?

a.   electrostatic- Na wants inside, K wants to go outside; osmotic- Na wants inside, K wants to go outside
b.   Electrostatic- Cl wants inside, K wants inside; Osmotic- Na wants inside
c.   Electrostatic- K wants inside, Cl wants inside; Osmotic- Na wants inside, K wants outside
d.   Electrostatic- Na wants inside, K wants inside, Cl wants outside; Osmotic- K wants outside

This man developed the reflex arc.

a.   Sherrington
b.   Milner
c.   Loewi
d.   Ramon y Cajal

The hormone calcitonin is released from...?

a.   anterior pituitary
b.   posterior pituitary
c.   thyroid
d.   pancreas

1. A mother goes to the tanning bed everyday during her pregnancy with the hope that her daughter will be tan when she gets older. This belief is a principle of what type of evolution?

a.   Environmental
b.   Lamarckian
c.   Direct Heritability
d.   Individual

Which is not a biological explanation for behavior?

a.   Functional
b.   Ontogenetic
c.   Evolutionary
d.   Partial penetrance

Most metabolic work of the neuron occurs in what part of the neuron?

a.   Cell body or soma
b.   Dendrites
c.   Axon
d.   Presynaptic terminal

What is a decrease in membrane potential where the actual potential of the neuron decreases in negativity?

a.   Depolarization
b.   Hyperpolarization
c.   Hypopolarization
d.   Both a & c

Which of the following is NOT considered an example of fuel for the brain?

a.   Glucose
b.   Vitamin B
c.   Vitamin D
d.   Ketones

The period directly following the action potential is known as?

a.   Resting
b.   Refractory
c.   Graded
d.   Not enough information

Amphetamines stimulate what type of synapses by increasing the release of what neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal?

a.   dopamine
b.   epinephrine
c.   norepinephrine
d.   serotonin

Endorphin synpases inhibit neurons that release this transmitter that inhibits dopamine release?

a.   serotonin
b.   GABA
c.   norepinephrine
d.   none of the above

What drug relaxes the body and decreases attention while facilitating GABA receptors and increasing dopamine activity?

a.   amphetamines
b.   opiates
c.   LSD
d.   alcohol

A smooth section intersperced between sulci on the surface of the brain is known as ________?

a.   sulcus
b.   gyrus
c.   lamina
d.   fissure

What cranial nerve has the sensory component function of hearing and equilibrium but no motor nerve?

a.   accessory
b.   abducens
c.   trigeminal
d.   statoacoustic

According to the all-or-none law, what parts of the action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it?

a.   size
b.   amplitude
c.   velocity
d.   all of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of Sherrington's findings from his experiments on reflexes?

a.   Temporal and spacial summation produce the same result.
b.   Reflexes are faster than conduction along an axon.
c.   When one set of muscles becomes excited, a different set becomes relaxed.
d.   The flexion and extension are controlled by the spinal cord.

In the Bird Song example, what type of biological explanation of behavior includes the songs attraction to females?

a.   Physiological
b.   Ontogenetic
c.   Evolutionary
d.   Functional

What is a change in a single gene called? (Hint: It is rarely good)

a.   Recombination
b.   Lamarckian
c.   Mutation
d.   Levis

Which of the following is a positive reason why animals are used in research?

a.   Humans do not like animals.
b.   Shed light of human evolution
c.   Study animals to find out better ways to hunt them.
d.   iiFAR beat PETA in their match at Wrestlemania 17.

Who demonstrated that a single neuron does not merge with its neighbors?

a.   Ramon y Cajal
b.   Watson y Crick
c.   Anch y Schreiweis
d.   Sherrington

What is Muscular Sclerosis?

a.   Permanent vasodilation of the carotid artery
b.   Demyelination disease
c.   The effect of taking too many steroids when lifting weights
d.   What Michael Jordan does to NBA defenses

What force causes potassium ions to want to leave the cell?

a.   osmotic
b.   gravity
c.   electrostatic
d.   a and c are both correct

Which is NOT a function of the glial cells?

a.   phagocytosis
b.   absorbing potassium outflow from AP
c.   myelination
d.   opening sodium channels during AP

Which of the following hormones are produced by the pancreas?

a.   glucagon
b.   vasopressin
c.   growth hormone
d.   leptin

Which of the following is not true about the ventricular system?

a.   It is filled with CSF.
b.   There are 2 ventricles.
c.   It acts as a shock absorber.
d.   It is a place for the exchange of materials between the brain and blood vessels.

Which of the following cranial nerves have only a motor component?

a.   Accessory
b.   Abducens
c.   Optic
d.   Facial

The membrane of a cell is composed of two layers of what kind of molecule that are free to float around one another?

a.   amino acid molecules
b.   protein molecules
c.   oxygen molecules
d.   fat molecules

The Nervous System is composed of what two kinds of cells?

a.   sensory cells and motor cells
b.   neurons and proteins
c.   neurons and glia
d.   sensory cells and protein

The mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain is known as the what?

a.   endoplasmic reticulum
b.   blood -brain barrier
c.   oligodendrocytes
d.   none of the above

While the flow of sodium ions are greatly restricted from crossing the membrane, which ions are moderately free to flow across the membrane of the neuron?

a.   potassium ions
b.   potassium and oxygen
c.   sodium phosphate ions
d.   only oxygen ions

The action potential is regenerated at successive points along the axon by what kind of ions flowing through the core of the axon and then across the membrane?

a.   potassium ions
b.   potassium and oxygen
c.   sodium ions
d.   none of the above

How long does it take for neurotransmitters to diffuse accross the synaptic clef and attach to the receptor?

a.   ~.1 to 1 millisecond
b.   ~.5 to 2 milliseconds
c.   ~.2 to 2 milliseconds
d.   ~.5 to 1 millisecond

The post synaptic membrane is thinker than the rest of the cell membrane.

a.   true
b.   false
c.
d.

Which of the following ion channels is incorrectly matched with its effect?

a.   Na+ (depolorizing)
b.   K+ (depolorizing)
c.   Cl- (hyperpolorizing)
d.   Ca++ (depolorizing)

Which of the following components of a neuron can experience threshold excitation and thus action potential?

a.   dendrites
b.   cell bodies
c.   soma
d.   axons

Enzmatic deactivation and reuptake mostly occurs through what way?

a.   breakdown of N.T.
b.   detachment of NT from receptor
c.   inactivation
d.   is an autoreceptor

If you were looking at a coronal plane section of the brain, you're be looking at a:

a.   sagital section
b.   horizontal section
c.   frontal section
d.   none of the above

During an absolute refractory period . . .

a.   sodium channels open
b.   an action potential can be produced provided a strong stimulus
c.   sodium gates are closed preventing an action potential
d.   the cell experiences threshold excitation

Spatial Summation results in

a.   the driving of an action potential by rapidly repeated a stimulation in time
b.   the hyperpolarization of a cell
c.   reflex arc
d.   the driving of an action potential by simultaneously stimulating multiple points points

We have studied four biological explanations of behavior. The ontogenetic explanation refers to:

a.   the relationship of behavior to the brain and other organs.
b.   the development of a structure or behavior.
c.   the structure or behavior in terms of evolutionary history.
d.   the reason a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

One type of glia, the astrocyte, has which of the following features?

a.   Helps synchronize the activity of the axons.
b.   Remove waste material.
c.   Guide the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.
d.   All of the above.

What is the best possible response to the following question? The jumping of action potentials from node to node is known as:

a.   electrical conduction.
b.   propogation of the action potential.
c.   saltatory conduction.
d.   saltatory transmission.

Action potentials are possible in axons because . . .

a.   axons do not have voltage dependent sodium channels
b.   the presence of voltage dependent sodium channels
c.   the cell may depolarize to the threshold point
d.   both b and c

Graded potentials:

a.   do not vary in magnitude.
b.   follow the all-or-none law.
c.   travel down the axon.
d.   depolarize or hyperpolarize in direct relation to the intensity of the stimulus.

Which of the following is known as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

a.   Glutamate.
b.   Serotonin.
c.   Acetylcholine.
d.

Which of the following is known as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

a.   Glutamate.
b.   Serotonin.
c.   Acetylcholine.
d.   GABA

general anesthetics work by . . .

a.   facilitating action potentials
b.   inhibiting the flow of potassium out of the cell
c.   widening certain potassium channels thus preventing most action potentials
d.   cause a reflex arc

In relation to the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe of the neocortex is

a.   rostral
b.   caudal
c.   inferior
d.   ventral

Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?

a.   superior colliculus
b.   pineal gland
c.   pons
d.   cerebellum

Which is NOT part of the limbic system?

a.   hippocampus
b.   amygdala
c.   singulate gyrus
d.   cerebellum

Which form of brain imaging gives the highest resolution?

a.   CT scan
b.   PET scan
c.   MRI
d.   rCBF

Which endocrine gland releases growth hormone (GH)?

a.   the anterior pituitary
b.   the Beta cells of the pancreas
c.   the thyroid gland
d.   the hypothalamus

Action potentials that start at the axon-hillock travel in only one direction because of the 
a)refractory period
b)opening of the K+ channels 
c)opening of the Na+ channels
d)electrical gradient

a.
b.
c.
d.

An EPSP is created when
a)K+ leaves the cell
b)Na+ leaves the cell
c)Na+ enters the cell
d)Cl- enters the cell

a.
b.
c.
d.

                                             Exam II

The one-to-one correspondence between some aspect of the physical stimulus and some aspect of the nervous system activity is know as _______?

a.   transduction
b.   coding
c.   reception
d.   receptor potential

Damage to what area of the brain will produce deficits on the delayed alternation task, which requires alternating between choosing an object on the left and choosing an object on the right?

a.   orbital frontal cortex
b.   dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c.   somatosensory cortex
d.   none of the above

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as _______?

a.   disuse suptersensitivity
b.   diaschisis
c.   penumbra
d.   denervation supersensitivity

A cerebrovascular accident is more commonly known as __________?

a.   closed head injury
b.   ischemia
c.   stroke
d.   hemorrhage

This theory states that we perceive color in terms of paired opposites: red versus green, yellow versus blue, and white versus black.

a.   trichromatic theory
b.   retinex theory
c.   opponent-process theory
d.   frequency theory

Which of the following is the third stage in the development of neurons?

a.   migration
b.   differentiation
c.   proliferation
d.   myelination

Which of the following is characterized by cells in the penumbra being flooded with excess oxygen, calcium, and other blood products?

a.   ischemia
b.   cerebrovascular accident
c.   hemorrhage
d.   all of the above

The area in the center of the human retina which is specialized for acute, detailed vision is the...

a.   fovea
b.   macula
c.   pupil
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is NOT true of foveal vision?

a.   Responds well to faint lights.
b.   Few receptors send their input to each synaptic cell.
c.   Detail vision is good.
d.   Good color vision.

What is the term descibing the condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction, and lack stereoscopic depth perception?

a.   amblyopia ex anopsia
b.   retinal disparity
c.   astigmatism
d.   strabismus

In what order are cells myelinated in the spinal cord and brain? (from first to last)

a.   spinal cord, midbrain, forebrain, hindbrain
b.   forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord
c.   spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
d.   forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain, spinal cord

Which of the following processes happen first?

a.   Migration
b.   Differentitation
c.   Myelination
d.   Proliferation

Which of the following is not a way to rehabilitate after suffering from brain damage?

a.   Brain Grafts
b.   The use of the drug Nimodipine
c.   Give up, there is no regaing funtions of damaged parts of the brain
d.   Motivate the patient learn new ways of doing things

What is the function of a Pacinian Corpuscle?

a.   To detct sudden change in high frequency vibrations
b.   To respond when the skin is streched
c.   To respond to pain
d.   Ro repsond to indendtions of the skin

Which of the following is not a bone of the ear?

a.   Malleus
b.   Hammer
c.   Anvil
d.   Cone

Damage to the Primary auditory Cortex would do which of these to your hearing?

a.   cause you to go deaf
b.   mainly impair someone's ability to recognize combinations or sequences of sound
c.   both a and b
d.   none of the above

All of the endorphins below decrease pain except for?

a.   nociceptin
b.   dynorphin
c.   B-endorphin
d.   a-neoendorphin

Mammalian taste receptors are in _______, located in the ______.

a.   papillae; taste buds
b.   circumvallates; papillae
c.   taste buds; papillae
d.   taste buds; circumvallate

__________ is the theory that each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and it contributes to the perception of every stimulus in its system.

a.   labelled lines
b.   across fiber pattern
c.   crosslisted interaction
d.   none of the above

Which is a cellular process of shaping the Nervous system?

a.   Proliferation
b.   Migration
c.   Differentiation
d.   All of the above

In regards to the blind spot of the human eye, what do most people "see" in this blind area?

a.   blackness
b.   unclear greyness
c.   simply nothing--no sensation at all
d.   flickering stars

What are the receptors called that are most abundant in the periphery of the human retina, respond to faint light, and not very useful in bright daylight?

a.   photopigments
b.   rods and sometimes cones
c.   rods
d.   cones

In general, even though the brain of a younger individual is more "plastic" than that of the brain of an adult, an adult's brain is less _____ than the brain of a younger individual.

a.   likely to suffer from brain damage
b.   vulnerable
c.   suseptible to developing disease
d.   both a and c

In terms of the visual path in the eye, the receptors send their messages to bipolar and horizontal cells, which in turn send messages to the _______ and ganglion cells.

a.   retinal
b.   brain
c.   amacrine
d.   none of the above

Neurotropins do all of the following EXCEPT:

a.   Cause selected axons to survive and grow
b.   Increse the brancing of incoming axons
c.   Engage in apoptosis
d.   regrow damaged axons

Which of the following is TRUE about foveas in many bird species?

a.   they all have only one fovea per eye; just like humans
b.   they have 2 foveas in the left eye and 1 fovea in the right eye
c.   most do not have foveas
d.   many have two foveas per eye, hence the expression: "eyes like a hawk".

Practice and learning________

a.   Destroy cells by overstimulation
b.   Increase dendritic branching
c.   Engage in apoptosis
d.   Lead to weaker connections

Glia cells have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

a.   Can cause cancer
b.   Develop from same population of immature cells as neurons
c.   Continue to be added throughout life
d.   Do not divide or mutate

The most common type of stroke is

a.   Edema
b.   Ischemia
c.   Hemorrage
d.   Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Which of the following is NOT a bone in the inner ear?

a.   Malleus
b.   Cochlea
c.   Incus
d.   Stapes

The weight of the human brain at 1 year is approximately....

a.   350g
b.   750g
c.   1000g
d.   1200-1400g

This man cut the optic nerve in newts and found that axons found their way back to the original location.

a.   Piaget
b.   Weiss
c.   Attardi
d.   Sperry

Which of the following is NOT true of rods?

a.   receptors converge their input
b.   located in macula of periphery
c.   black/white vision
d.   sensitive to light/movement

Which pathway in the Visual Systerm is associated with shape?

a.   V1
b.   V2
c.   V3
d.   V4

This taste receptor closes K+ channels.

a.   salt
b.   sour
c.   bitter
d.   sweet

Which of the following concerning neurotropins is NOT true?

a.   They dictate the growth and survival of neurons
b.   Prevent apoptosis
c.   Induce apoptosis
d.   Have a role in injury and disease of the nervous system

Which of the following concerning neurotropins is NOT true?

a.   They dictate the growth and survival of neurons
b.   Prevent apoptosis
c.   Induce apoptosis
d.   Have a role in injury and disease of the nervous system

The biggest change in the brain cells from birth to maturity is...

a.   Formation of axons
b.   Formation of dendritic branches
c.   Increase of myelin
d.   Glial cell division

Which of the following is true about CVAs?

a.   They have cell death due to O2 deficiency
b.   They are open head injuries
c.   Stands for cerebroventricular accident
d.   More common in children than older adults

Which of the following concerning cones is NOT true?

a.   They are inside the fovea
b.   They are needed for acuity
c.   They are beneficial at night
d.   They are needed for color vision

Simple cells are...

a.   Found in the V2 part of the cortex
b.   Cells that have the smallest receptive fields
c.   Found in the V5 part of the cortex
d.   Cells that don't have fixed excitatory or inhibitory zones

At what stage do a humans have the most neurons?

a.   embryo
b.   fetus
c.   morula
d.   adult

At what stage do a humans have the most neurons?

a.   embryo
b.   fetus
c.   morula
d.   adult

Which of the following is not a cellular processing stage?

a.   Proliferation
b.   Meditation
c.   Migration
d.   Apoptosis

Which of the following matches all of the items listed?

a.   Ventral Stream-Temporal Lobe-What
b.   Dorsal Stream-Temporal Lobe-How
c.   Ventral Stream-Parietal Lobe-Where
d.   Michael Jordan's Return-Wizards-NBA Champions

In which part of the ear is the pinna?

a.   Middle Ear
b.   Inner Ear
c.   Outer Ear
d.   Ear Wax

What means "relief from pain?"

a.   Labelled Line
b.   Analgesia
c.   Stirrup
d.   When this test is over!

Opposing sets of muscles are known as __________?

a.   striated muscles
b.   smooth muscles
c.   antagonistic muscles
d.   cardiac muscles

Infant reflexes are present in infants but not in older children or adults under normal conditions. What are the infant reflexes?
a. grasp reflex
b. Babinski reflex
c. hitting reflex
d. rooting reflex

a.   a & b
b.   b & c
c.   antagonistic muscles
d.   cardiac muscles

An average person spends about one-third of his or her life asleep. How much of that time is devoted to REM sleep?

a.   one-fifth
b.   one-fourth
c.   one-third
d.   one-half

Angiotensin and baroreceptors have a synergistic effect. If two effects are synergistic, their combined effect is __________ than the sum of the two separate effects.

a.   less
b.   more
c.   equal to each other, so there is no difference
d.   non-existant-->they cancel each other out

Which of the following increase eating?

a.   NPY
b.   ORX
c.   NE
d.   all of the above

How long does an ultradin rhythmn typically last?

a.   about 24 hours
b.   about a year
c.   shorter than 24 hours
d.   longer than 24 hours

What is characteristic of an endotherm?

a.   rely on external adjustments
b.   rely on internal adjustments
c.   humans are a type of these
d.   both b & c

What are ways that the human body gains heat?

a.   increase thyroid activity
b.   constriction of cutaneous vessles
c.   shivering
d.   all of the above

The greatest percentage of energy in our bodies comes from?

a.   processed food
b.   basal metabolism
c.   active behavior
d.   all of the above

An electroencephalogram (EEG) does what?

a.   measures eye movements
b.   measures muscle activity
c.   measures brain wave activity
d.   all of the above

Molly is an excellent finger and foot tapper--she can tap just about an rhythm to any song. Which complex structure is responsible for this ability?

a.   primary motor cortex
b.   cerebellum
c.   super motor cortex
d.   premotor cortex and heredity

Many studies support which of the following statements about late-onset Parkinson's Disease?

a.   If one MZ(monozygotic) twin gets the disease after age 50, the other twin has about 75% chance of getting it too.
b.   If one of the MZ twins are male, this baby will definitely get the disease.
c.   If you develop late-onset Parkinson's and decide to have offspring, all of the offspring each have a 50% chance of getting it too.
d.   late-onset Parkinson's has little or no heritability

If the number of _________ surviving neurons declines to 20%-30% of normal, Parkinsonian symptoms will begin.

a.   amygdala
b.   substantia nigra
c.   primary supra cortex
d.   globus pallidus

How can blind mole rats' biological clocks be reset in synchrony with light if their eyes are covered by skin and fur, they haveno eye muscles or lens to focus images, and bright lights evoke no measurable change in behavior or brain activity??

a.   Apparantly, blind mole rats are not technically blind; they have extremely small openings in the skin covering their eyes, which permits light.
b.   They can detect light through their complex noses.
c.   They reset their biological clocks in synchrony with a combination of light and temperature, being able to detect temperature through their pores
d.   Their few visual receptors send the SCN enough information to act as a zeitgeber.

Which of the following is not part of the sexual response patter found in BOTH male and females?

a.   increasing excitment
b.   orgasm
c.   refactory period
d.   plateau

Where is the biological clock located?

a.   Nucleus tractus solitarius
b.   OVLT
c.   preoptic area
d.   suprachiasmatic nucleus

In changing time zones which is the easiest way to travel for humans?

a.   north to south
b.   south to north
c.   east to west
d.   west to east

Which of the following is not part of the fever response?

a.   lukocytes
b.   interleukin I
c.   Prostiglandins I
d.   norepinephrine

Which of the following is NOT dominated by the parasympatheic system

a.   lowered heart rate
b.   REM sleep
c.   lowered blood pressure
d.   Slow wave sleep

What area of the brain is most active during preparations for a rapid series of movements?

a.   Prefrontal cortes
b.   Occipital cortex
c.   Supplementary motor cortex
d.   Premotor cortex

What stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes?

a.   Stage 1
b.   Stage 2
c.   Stage 3
d.   Stage 4

An animal refuses food and water after damage to what part of the brain?

a.   ventromedial hypothalamus
b.   lateral hypothalamus
c.   paraventricular hypothalamus
d.   lateral preoptic area

What hormone causes a female to be more proceptive?

a.   estrogen
b.   progesterone
c.   luteinizing hormone
d.   testosterone

Which of the following is NOT a treatment for Parkinson's Disease?

a.   Drugs that block GABA
b.   Drugs that directly stimulate dopamine receptors
c.   Neurotrophins
d.   Antioxidant drugs

The bicep and tricep are what kind of muscles?

a.   cardiac muscles
b.   cental pattern generators
c.   antagonistic muscles
d.   no muscles

Myasthenia Gravis is a disease that attacks what receptor?

a.   Dopamine
b.   Calcium
c.   Potassium
d.   Acetylcholine

In Huntington's disease, the sequence C A G is repeated how many times?

a.   36 or more
b.   1-6
c.   11-24
d.   none

Which part of the brain exerts the main control over circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature?

a.   primary motor cortex
b.   basil ganglia
c.   Suprachiasmatic nucleus
d.   melatonin

Onset insomnia is where....

a.   you have trouble falling asleep.
b.   you awake frequently during the night.
c.   wake up too early and cannot get back to sleep.
d.   sleepwalk.

All of the following are characteristics of narcolepsy except for:

a.   extreme sleepiness during the day
b.   cataplexy
c.   hypnagogic hallucinations
d.   sleepwalk.

If the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned there will be a result in

a.   over eating and weight gain
b.   regular eating
c.   hypnagogic hallucinations
d.   not eating

The cerebellum functions to

a.   execute action sequences without waiting for feedback
b.   interchange information
c.   control breathing
d.   mediate ballistic movements

The SCN

a.   lies just above the optic chiasm
b.   generates its own circadian rhythm
c.   secretes melatonin
d.   a and b

The effect acetylcholine has on REM sleep is

a.   increase in ACH induces REM sleep
b.   increase in ACH increases wakefulness
c.   increase in ACH decreases REM sleep
d.   ACH does not affect REM

The two types of thirst are

a.   hypovolemic and osmotic thirst
b.   osmotic and dry thirst
c.   osmotic and hypervolemic thirst
d.   hypoosmotic and volemic thirst

What is the function of angiotensin I?

a.   it is transformed to renin
b.   it causes the body to release salt
c.   it creates angiotensin II which releases aldosterone
d.   it leads to the release of insulin

What neurotransmitter does the hypothalamus release that increases arouse (as opposed to sleep)?

a.   serotonin
b.   GABA
c.   histamine
d.   norepinephrine

Which sentence appropriately describes the relationship between insomnia anc circadian rhythms?

a.   In sleep-onset insomnia, the circadian rhythm of body temperature is phase advanced.
b.   In termination insomnia, the circadian rhythm of body temperature is phase advanced.
c.   In termination insomnia, the circadian rhythm of body temperature is phase delayed.
d.   There is no relationship between insomnia and circadian rhythm.

Which is NOT one of the four stages that Masters and Johnson reported in the sexual response pattern?

a.   Orgasm
b.   Resolution
c.   Fertilization
d.   Plateau

A lesion to the lateral hypothalamus produces?

a.   Aphagia
b.   Hyperphagia
c.   Adipsia
d.   Both a and c

What part of the digestive system releases cholecystokinin?

a.   Stomach
b.   Large intestine
c.   Duodenum
d.   Vagus Nerve

Which is a chemical that promotes sleep?

a.   Prostaglandins
b.   Norepinephrine
c.   Serotonin
d.   Dopamine

Which is the typical sleep cycle pattern?

a.   REM, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3
b.   1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM
c.   1, REM, 2, REM, 3, REM, 4, REM
d.   NREM, REM, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1

When does REM sleep predominately occur?

a.   the second third of the night
b.   the first third of the night
c.   the last third of the night
d.   the entire night

Narcolepsy includes...

a.   cataplexy
b.   hypnogogic hallucinations
c.   sleep terrors
d.   both a and b

The lateral hypothalamus plays an important role because...

a.   an incision on it abolishes behavioral regulation of temperature but not autonomic
b.   a lesion on in causes one to refuse to eat or drink
c.   if stimulated, it causes one to eat
d.   all of the above

This nerve in the stomack controls nutrient levels.

a.   trigeminal
b.   vagus
c.   splanchnic
d.   accessory

A lesion in the Ventro Medial Hypothalamus will:

a.   lead to aphagia
b.   lead to adipsia
c.   release CCK
d.   lead to overeating

This neurotransmitter will decrease appetite.

a.   seretonin
b.   Ach
c.   neuropeptide Y
d.   NE

this area of brain is larger in males and stimulates sexual behavior.

a.   anterior hypothalamus
b.   cerebellum
c.   lateral hypothalamus
d.   medial preoptic hypothalamus

this type of movement is a programmed rhythmic pattern of output.

a.   reflex
b.   ballistic
c.   central pattern generator
d.   proprioceptor

The area principally responsible for detecting osmotic pressure is known as______?

a.   BLT
b.   OVLT
c.   SMUT
d.   OBGYN

Receptors sensitive to position and movement of the body are known as what?

a.   antagonistic receptors
b.   Proprioceptor
c.   Prepoceptor
d.   Postpriceptors

Which type of rhythm is matched with its time duration?

a.   Circadian ( > 24hrs)
b.   Ultradian (about 24hrs)
c.   circannual (about a year)
d.   Infradian ( < 24 hrs)

A carnivore won't become vitamin deficient unless...

a.   it eats a vitamin-deficient zebra
b.   it makes an attempt to plants
c.   it eats another carnivore
d.   there is no way a carnivore can become vitamin deficient

Sexual differentiation depends on the level of testosterone during a __________, an early period when a hormone has a long-lasting effect.

a.   early childhood
b.   sensitive period
c.   absoption period
d.   activation period

The __________ part of the brain prepares for a rapid series of movements

a.   premotor cortex
b.   prefrontal cortex
c.   supplementary motor cortex
d.   cerebellum

Which of the following is incorrect about A.L.S.

a.   symptoms depend on where in N.S. motorneuron destruction begins
b.   Origin remains a mystery
c.   does not lead to paralysis
d.   leads to progressive weakness of muscles

The Electromyogram measures...

a.   muscle activity
b.   eye movements
c.   brain waves
d.   stages of sleep

The Electromyogram measures...

a.   muscle activity
b.   eye movements
c.   brain waves
d.   stages of sleep

Which of the following is not a type/symptom of parasomnias?

a.   sleep terrors
b.   sleep enuresis
c.   cataplexy
d.   sleep bruxism

Which chemical is released from the kidneys due to Hypovolemic thirst?

a.   renin
b.   aldosterone
c.   interleukin
d.   ADH

Which of the following results from injury to the brainstem?

a.   Myasthenia gravis
b.   Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
c.   Huntington's Chorea
d.   polio

Which of the following the best example of a infradian rhythm?

a.   mealtimes
b.   REM sleep pattern
c.   migration of birds
d.   menstrual cycle

Which regulates the termination of feeding?

a.   satiety receptors in the mouth
b.   cholecystokinin
c.   stretch receptors in the stomach
d.   b & c

Which is the effect of neuropeptide Y on the regulation of feeding?

a.   signals the medial hypothalamus to inhibit the satiety system
b.   signals the medial hypothalamus to excite the satiety system
c.   inhibits the PVN of the hypothalamus to increase feeding behavior
d.   excites the PVN of the hypothalamus to decrease feeding behavior

Which is an advantage for ectotherms?

a.   greater tolerance for changes in temperature
b.   high level of muscle activity over prolonged periods
c.   elaborate regulatory system
d.   anaerobic mechanisms

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of osmotic thirst?

a.   High solute concentration outside of the cell.
b.   Low blood volume.
c.   Vasopressin secretion.
d.   Both b and c.

Which of the following is responsible for conveying information about the nutrient contents of the stomach?

a.   Abducens Nerve
b.   Hypoglossal Nerve
c.   Vagus Nerve
d.   Splanchnic Nerves.

A K-complex is most common in which stage of sleep?

a.   Stage 1
b.   Stage 2
c.   Stage 3 and 4
d.   REM

Which is found in large veins and responsible for detecting the pressure of blood returning to the heart?

a.   baroreceptors
b.   angiotensin II
c.   subfornical organ
d.   OVLT

When the body's sodium reserves are low, the adrenal glands produce this hormone which causes the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete more water than usual?

a.   Serotonin
b.   Vasopressin
c.   Aldosterone
d.   Antidiuretic Hormone

Testosterone...

a.   causes a female to engage in more proceptive behavior
b.   the amount of it detremines whether one is a male or female
c.   is a male hormone
d.   all of the above

Which of the following is not an advantage of an ectotherm?

a.   Simpler system
b.   Greater tolerance for environmental changes
c.   Don't fatigue easily
d.   Require less food

Which is not a function of the hypothalamus?

a.   Feeding
b.   Fleeing
c.   Fighting
d.   Fooling

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?

a.   Fleeing
b.   Fighting
c.   Feeding
d.   Fooling

Which of the following is linked to fevers?

a.   Prostaglandin
b.   NE
c.   ACH
d.   NTS

Osmotic Thirst can be caused by which of the following?

a.   Perspiration
b.   Increased Salt concentration
c.   both a & b
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is not a characteristic of vasopressin?

a.   increases b.p.
b.   vasoconstriction
c.   reabsorbs H20
d.   decreases concentration of urine

Feeding is signaled by?

a.   Lack of glucose
b.   presence of fatty acid
c.   Burger King commercial
d.   both a & b

Which of the following is true of testicular substances/testosterone?

a.   it induces the mullerian ducts
b.   it inhibits the Wolifian ducts
c.   it induces the Wolfian ducts
d.   none of these

Which of the following characterize Myathenia Gravis?

a.   increased synaptic potentials at neuromuscular junction
b.   decreased number of Ach receptor sites
c.   frequent inability to trigger postsynaptice muscle action potential
d.   b & c

One way by which food in the duodenum inhibits appetite is by stimulating the duodenum to release a certain hormone called?

a.   serotonin
b.   cholecystokinin (CCK)
c.   dopamine
d.   acetylcholine

Which is characteristic of someone with Bulimia Nervosa:

a.   high levels of PYY and CCK
b.   high levels of PYY and low levels of CCK
c.   low levels of PYY and CCK
d.   low levels of PYY and hight levels of CCK

Certain patterns of genes, hormones, and _____________ are related to differences in sexual identity.

a.   DNA
b.   individual traits
c.   brain anatomy
d.   white blood cells

               EXAM IV, Fall 2001

Korsakoff's Syndrome is due to a deficiency in:

a.   Vitamin C
b.   Dopamine
c.   Seratonin
d.   Thiamine

With Alzheimer's Disease, the individual has a bigger deficit in

a.   explict than implicit memory
b.   retrograde amensia than epilepsy
c.   Seratonin than dopamine
d.   no deficiency

Long term potentiation is characterized all of the following except

a.   specificity
b.   cooperativity
c.   associativity
d.   aplysia

The left half of each retina sees the

a.   right visual field
b.   left visual field
c.   upper visual field
d.   lower visual field

A type of seizure characterized by sudden, repetitive jerky movements of the head and limbs for a period of seconds or minutes and then collapsing into exhaustion sleep is the

a.   grand mal seizure
b.   partial seizure
c.   generalized seizure
d.   petit mal seizure

Prosopagnosia is the inability to....

a.   identify faces, cars, etc...
b.   recognize objects inn contralateral hand
c.   smell and taste
d.   feel pain

Who taught ASL to the monkey Washoe?

a.   Hayes
b.   Gardeners
c.   Premack
d.   Project Lana

In Kluver-Bucy syndrome this area of brain is removed

a.   parietal
b.   frontal
c.   occipital
d.   temporal

Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis for how learning takes place?

a.   increase in release of NT
b.   larger contact area
c.    increase activity of autoreceptor
d.   increase in multiple synapses

This is a treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

a.   chocolate and ice cream
b.   bright light
c.   increase in precipitation and cloudiness
d.   a trip to a tropical rain forest

The principles of equipotentiality and mass action of the cortex were first put forth by:

a.   Hebb
b.   Pavlov
c.   Lashley
d.   Thompson

Which is not considered to be part of the limbic system?

a.    cerebellum
b.   amygdala
c.   hippocampus
d.   hypothalamus

Which hormones are directly involved in the HPA axis?

a.   adrenocorticotropic hormone and testosterone
b.   dopamine and CCK
c.   cortisol and dopamine
d.   adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol

Which statement is false regarding Korsakoff's syndrome?

a.   affects mostly the hippocampus
b.   results from a thiamine deficiency
c.   includes symptoms of confabulation and disorientation
d.   produces retrograde and anterograde amnesia

"Locked-in syndrome" provides support for which theory of emotion?

a.   James-Lange
b.   Schachter-Singer
c.   Cannon-Bard
d.   none of the above

Which is NOT one of the unhealthy effects of stress?

a.   a prolonged stress response weakens the immune system
b.   neurons in the hippocampus become more vulnerable with high cortisol levels
c.   stomach secretions are decreased after the stress response, making it harder to digest food
d.   frequent fluctuations in heart rate can lead to cardiac disease

Which of the following is not more prevalent in left handed people?

a.   Stuttering
b.   Forgetfulness
c.   Migraines
d.   Disorders of the Immune System

Which of the following is false with speaking of recovery from aphasia?

a.   It is better in left handers
b.   Recovery is better in trauma cases than in stroke cases
c.   Thearpy usually doesn't help
d.   A shift to the right hemisphere is possible

Which of the following is not a source of depression?

a.   alcohol
b.   hormonal disorder
c.   a single gene defect
d.   psychological illness

Whcih of the following drugs is not used in the treatment of depression?

a.   MAOI
b.   L Dopa
c.   Tricyclics
d.   Serotonin Uptake Blockers

which of the following is not a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

a.   inappropriate affect
b.   delusions
c.   social withdraw
d.   poverty of speech

Punishment areas of the brain include

a.   the ventricular system
b.   tegementum
c.   medial lemniscus
d.   all of the above

Types of fuel for the brain include

a.   oxygen
b.   glucose
c.   carbon dioxide
d.   a and b

An enbryo becomes a fetus at

a.   twelve weeks
b.   ten weeks
c.   the second week
d.   conception

Intensity is realted to loudness as frequency is related to

a.   purity
b.   hue
c.   pitch
d.   all of the above

The primary motor cortex is

a.   also called M1
b.   in the precentral gyrus
c.   has no direct connections to muscles
d.   all of the above

What are membrane potentials called that vary in magnitude and do not follow the all-or-none law?

a.   refractory potentials
b.   action potentials
c.   graded potentials
d.   none of the above

The cerebral cortex consists of how many layers of laminae (layers) of neurons??

a.   2
b.   0
c.   5
d.   6

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy??

a.   low birth weight and many illnesses early in life
b.   SIDS ("crib death")
c.   ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
d.   chronic alcoholics later in life

What is hemiplegia?

a.   paralysis in the left side of body
b.   one-sided paralysis caused by a cut part of the way through spinal cord
c.   one-sided paralysis caused by thiamine deficiency
d.   paralysis in entire body

During a period of high stress, the ___________ nerves decrease stomach secretions and contractions. Ulcers form during the rest periods, when ___________ nerves increase the secretions and contractions.

a.   hippocampus; prefrontal cortex
b.   sympathetic; autonomic
c.   sympathetic; parasympathetic
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is not a type of neuron?

a.   Sensory
b.   Somatic
c.   Motor
d.   Interneuron

Radial glia:

a.   pass chemicals back and forth between neurons and blood.
b.   produce myelin sheaths that insulate vertebrate axons in the central nervous system.
c.   guide the migration of neurons during embyrological development.
d.   allow large molecules to pass through the blood brain barrier.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the blood brain barrier?

a.   composed of endothelial cells and astrocytes
b.   actively attacks viruses
c.   lipid-soluble
d.   actively transports large molecules

Which of the following is not fuel for the brain?

a.   oxygen
b.   glucose
c.   thiamine
d.   carbon dioxide

Which of the following requires active transport acrsoss the blood brain barrier?

a.   oxygen
b.   amino acids
c.   carbon dioxide
d.   fat-soluble molecules

The resting potential of a neuron relies on:

a.   osmotic pressure
b.   electrostatic pressure
c.   A and B
d.   None of the above

The resting potential is"

a.   sodium powered
b.   follows the all-or-none law
c.   occurs through saltatory conduction
d.   potassium powered

Myelinated axons:

a.   are found in both invertebrates and vertebrates.
b.   are interrupted by nodes of Ranvier.
c.   transmit impulses slower than unmyelinated axons.
d.   transmit impulses faster when their diameter is smaller.

Dendrites and somata produce"

a.   small depolarizations
b.   action potentials
c.   small hyperpolarizations
d.   A and C

Through experimentation on reflexes, Sherrington observed that:

a.   reflexes are slower than conduction along an axon, indicating delay at the synapse.
b.   when one set of muscles becomes excited, a different set of muscles also becomes excited
c.   A and B
d.   None of the above

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP):

a.   is a temporary depolarization of a membrane
b.   occurs when synaptic input opens gates for sodium ions to leave the cell
c.   refers to the mere absence of excitation
d.   actively supresses excitatory responses

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is categorized as:

a.   a purine
b.   a Gaba complex
c.   an amino acid
d.   a catecholamine

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized in:

a.   the cell body
b.   the presynaptic terminal
c.   the postsynaptic terminal
d.   the synaptic cleft

Which statement is true for both ionotropic and metabotropic effects?

a.   Ionotropic effects are slow and long lasting, whereas metabotropic effects are rapid and short-lived.
b.   Ionotropic effects are either inhibitory or nicotinic, whereas metabotropic effects are excitatory.
c.   Ionotropic effects are localized, whereas metabotropic effects influence activity in much of the presynaptic cell.
d.   None of the above statements are true.

Of the four major types of neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels, the ionotropic effects for _________ is/are depolarizing, while the ionotropic effects for ________ is/are hyperpolarizing.

a.   Sodium and potassium / chlorine and calcium
b.   Potassium and chlorine / socium and calcium
c.   Sodium only / potassium, chlorine, and calcium
d.   Sodium and calcium / potassium and chlorine

Which is true about the effects of cocaine on the brain?

a.   stimulates serotonin synapses
b.   induces a manic state within hours of use
c.   prolonged use releases more dopamine and less dynorphin
d.   is most accurately captured by the analgous statement "your brain on cocaine is like your brain in a refrigerator"

Chlorpromazine is an example of a/an:

a.   neuroleptic
b.   anti-depressant
c.   stimulant
d.   hallucinogen

The organizational effects of hormones:

a.   modulate cell activity
b.   are reversible
c.   occur during a critical period
d.   A and C

The limbic system is composed of:

a.   pons, cerebellum, medulla
b.   hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
c.   olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
d.   olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus

For the Vagus nerve, the sensory component functions in _______ and the motor component functions in ________.

a.   nothing (there is no sensory component) / swallowing, control of parasympathetic nerves to the heart
b.   sensation from the tongue muscles / movement of the tongue
c.   taste and sensations from the neck, thorax, and abdomen / salivation, dilation of blood vessels
d.   taste and sensations from the neck, thorax, and abdomen / swallowing, control of parasympathetic nerves to the heart

In reference to the medulla, the pons is:

a.   anterior and dorsal
b.   posterior and ventral
c.   anterior and ventral
d.   posterior and dorsal

The use of lobotomies:

a.   was abandoned only recently.
b.   is preferred to drug therapy.
c.   is a common treatment for epilepsy.
d.   was unnecessary for many pre-1950's patients.

The PET-scan is advantageous because:

a.   it is inexpensive.
b.   it requires only a scanner to detect radio waves.
c.   it assesses regional metabolic activity.
d.   there is no need to inject radioactive substances into the brain.

The phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" refers to:

a.   brain development only in human beings.
b.   the two calendars of development--evolutionary and individual.
c.   the fact that human development is different from that of other mamillian species.
d.   the differences in development between mammals and reptiles.

In the cellular process of myelination:

a.   sensory neurons are myelinated after motor neurons.
b.   sensory neurons are myelinated before motor neurons.
c.   sensory neurons and motor neurons are myelinated simultaneously.
d.   sensory neurons and motor neurons are not myelinated.

Of stroke victims:

a.   over 50% die after the first month.
b.   most are middle-aged (about 40 years old).
c.   many have hypertension.
d.   the cause of brain cell death was a carbon dioxide deficiency.

With regard to vision, the biological stimulus of intensity has the psychological counterpart of:

a.   brightness
b.   saturation
c.   hue
d.   amplitude

Which statement describes the relationship between rods and cones?

a.   There are significantly more cones than rods in the retina.
b.   There are significantly more rods than cones in the retina.
c.   Rods have high accuity while cones have low accuity.
d.   Rods are located inside the fovea while cones are located outside the fovea.

Skin receptors:

a.   can be free nerve endings.
b.   are distributed evenly over the body
c.   are more sensitive on the back than skin receptors on the face.
d.   are classified either as Pacinian Corpuscles or Merkel's Disks.

Humans can detect:

a.   more odors than most other species.
b.   about 5,000 odors.
c.   about 500-1000 odors.
d.   new odors quicker than new sounds.

Central pattern generators operate:

a.   through proprioception.
b.   through the entire central nervous system.
c.   on a conscious level.
d.   at the spinal cord level.

The alpha motor system:

a.   is afferent to the spinal cord.
b.   is associated with good muscle tone.
c.   controls extrafusal fibers.
d.   controls intrafusal fibers.

Myasthenia Gravis is caused by a/an _____ in synaptic potentials at the neuromuscular junction and a/an _____ in the number of acetylcholine receptor sites.

a.   increase / increase
b.   decrease / decrease
c.   increase / decrease
d.   decrease / increase

A person suffering from apraxia:

a.   can voluntarily flex his or her muscles.
b.   can smile on demand.
c.   cannot smile on demand.
d.   has experienced damage to a motor-control area of the brain.

The most frequent stage of the sleep cycle is:

a.   stage 1
b.   stage 2
c.   stage 3
d.   REM

Loss of body heat translates to:

a.   an increase in slow-wave sleep.
b.   an increase in REM sleep.
c.   a shift from phase delayed to phased advanced sleep cycle.
d.   a decrease in the amount of growth hormone released by the SCN.

Night terrors take place:

a.   during REM sleep.
b.   only during narcoleptic episodes.
c.   during stages 3 and 4.
d.   when a person is sleep-deprived.

Osmoreceptors are located in:

a.   the OVLD
b.   the stomach and duodenum
c.   superchiasmatic nucleus
d.   medial preoptic area

During feeding, free fatty acids stimulate the _____ and inhibit the _____.

a.   preoptic area / paraventricular nucleus
b.   preoptic area / ventromedial hypothalamus
c.   ventromedial hypothalamus / lateral hypothalamus
d.   lateral hypothalamus / ventromedial hypothalamus

What is true about Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

a.   does not cross the blood brain barrier
b.   stimulates eating
c.   genetically obese mice possess more of it than normal-weight mice
d.   secreted by the pancreas

According to which theory of emotion do physiological changes influence the intensity of emotion while some cognitive appraisal is needed to label the emotion?

a.   James-Lang
b.   Cannon-Bard
c.   Cognitive Appraisal
d.   Schachter-Singer

Stimulating the _____ area of the hypothalamus evokes defensive behavior.

a.   medial
b.   dorsal
c.   lateral
d.   PAG

Long term potentiation depends upon:

a.   magnesium ions entering the ion channel.
b.   gluatamate closing ion channels.
c.   sufficient numbers of calcium ions entering the cell.
d.   hyperpolarization to eject magnesium ions from the cell.

Infant amnesia has generated research on:

a.   maturation of the hippocampus in reference to memory.
b.   maturation of the hippocampus is reference to brain lateralization.
c.   degeneration of the hippocampus in reference to memory.
d.   degeneration of the hippocampus in reference to brain lateralization.