Drugs & Behavior

Archive Page Three

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What is the name of the act passed in 1914 that initiated the United States' war on drugs?

a.   The Prohibition Act of 1914
b.   The FDA Narcotic Act
c.   The Harrison Narcotic Act
d.   The Opium Tax Act

This term refers to the capacity of a compound to maintain contact with or be bound to a receptor.

a.   Intrinsic activity
b.   Agonistic ability
c.   Antagonistic ability
d.   Affinity

This is a substance that mimics some of the noticeable physiological characteristics of the drug being evaluated but without the effects on the brain that the researcher is interested in.

a.   Active placebo
b.   Saline solution
c.   Prozac
d.   Placebo

This is a situation in which two drugs together produce a greater effect than either drug produces alone. Two examples are addition and potentiation.

a.   Competitive antagonism
b.   Dose-response function
c.   Synergism
d.   Noncompetitive antagonism

What term refers to the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action?

a.   pharmacology
b.   pharmacodynamics
c.   pharmacokinetics
d.   neurological psychology

These channels open and close as a result of shifts in membrane voltage potential.

a.   sodium-potassium pump
b.   electrostatic pressure channels
c.   postsynaptic receptors
d.   voltage-gated channels

This neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic nerve endings of both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems.

a.   Acetylcholine
b.   Serotonin
c.   Norepinephrine
d.   Dopamine

What system within the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling vegetative, restorative, and energy-saving process?

a.   somatic nervous system
b.   parasympathetic nervous system
c.   sympathetic nervous system
d.   Both b & c

The medulla, pons, and cerebellum are often referred to as the:

a.   forebrain
b.   midbrain
c.   hindbrain
d.   sidebrain

Optical isomers

a.   are mirror images of each other that cannot be superimposed on one another
b.   are differentiated by the direction in which they rotate plane-polarized light
c.   can have different effects on an organism
d.   all of the above

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the relationship between dose and response?

a.   The type of response monitored could result in different dose-response functions for the same drug.
b.   Larger doses of a drug necessarily result in an increased response.
c.   The dose of a drug and the species to which the drug is administered both affect the effect of the drug.
d.   Two of the above.

The metabolic process in which a chemical reaction involving the removal of electrons (which can be witnessed by a decrease in the number of C-H bonds in an organic molecule) is called

a.   reduction
b.   cleavage
c.   oxidation
d.   conjugation

A chemical changes responses to other neurotransmitters pre- or post- synaptically, but doesn't produce a shift in membrane potential or conductance on its own. This chemical is a

a.   neurohormone
b.   neuromodulator
c.   neurotransmitter
d.   neuroenzyme

The following are all ways in which a drug can affect the neurotransmission process:

a.   Inhibiting the reuptake of a neurotransmitter.
b.   Activating presynaptic receptors or autoreceptors.
c.   Binding to but not activating the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of a target neuron.
d.   All of the above.

This term refers to the activity of two drugs at different 
receptors which causes opposite biological effects.

a.   Competitive Antagonism
b.   Non-Competitive Antagonism
c.   Physiological Antagonism
d.   Pharmacological Antagonism

The period of time in which a neuron is totally insensitive 
to stimulation is known as...

a.   The relative refractory period
b.   The absolute refractory period
c.   the threshold
d.   the resting potential

What must be true of a drug for it to be able to penetrate 
the blood brain barrier?

a.    lipid soluble
b.   very small in size
c.   not bound (free)
d.   all of the above

This term refers to the division point between a cell body and 
an axon.

a.   Terminal Buttons
b.   Dendrites
c.   Myelin Sheath
d.   Axon Hillock

This term refers to the division point between a cell body and 
an axon.

a.   Terminal Buttons
b.   Dendrites
c.   Myelin Sheath
d.   Axon Hillock

Which of the following is the major organ of drug excretion?

a.   gall bladder
b.   small intestine
c.   kidney
d.   liver

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for which of the following reactions?

a.   decrease in heart rate
b.   decrease in mobility of the digestive system
c.   increase in pupil size
d.   increase in diameter of airways in the lungs

This route of drug administration introduces the highest concentration of the drug into the blood:

a.   intraperitoneal
b.   intravenous
c.   intramuscular
d.   per os

Which of the following are features of the blood brain barrier?

a.   protects brain from xenobiotic substances
b.   uniformity in depth around entire brain
c.   only free drugs can get across the barrier
d.   both a & c

Which of the following is the major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

a.   mitochondria
b.   amino acids
c.   myelin sheaths
d.   basal ganglia

Which of the following factors affect the ionization of a drug?

a.   the dose of the drug
b.   the pKa
c.   the local pH
d.   all of the above

Which of the following statements is true concerning different 
routes of drug administration?

a.   The most rapid method is intramuscular administration
b.   Oral absorption is not affected by lipid solubility.
c.   I.V. administration requires an aequeous vehicle.
d.   None of the above

The Blood Brain Barrier:

a.   is surrounded by glial cells.
b.   allows all drug molecules to pass freely into the tissues.
c.   allows certain substances to "piggy back" across.
d.   Both a & c.

The inside of a resting cell:

a.   is negative compared to the outside.
b.   has a membrane potential of -30mV.
c.   contains only sodium ions.
d.   is maintained at the threshold level.

Dopamine:

a.   is a precursor to tyrosine.
b.   is a catecholamine.
c.   can cross the Blood Brain Barrier.
d.   Both b & c.

This term refers to sensitivity to a drug over 
a very short period of time:

a.   adaption
b.   tachyphylaxis
c.   limited tolerance
d.   immunostasis

Context-Specific Tolerance:

a.   is not affected by the environment.
b.   involves habituation.
c.   is to develop tolerance in one context but lose the tolerance in another context.
d.   Both b & c.

All of the following are characteristics of depolarization except:

a.   A decrease in membrane potential.
b.   The inside of the cell becomes more positive.
c.   It results from an influx of Cl ions.
d.   It results from a synaptic stimulation.

The liver is the major organ for_____________.

a.   excretion
b.   metabolism
c.   absorption
d.   distribution

Which way(s) do most drugs pass through biological membranes?

a.   pinocytosis
b.   passive diffusion
c.   carrier mediated diffusion
d.   both b & c

Which of the following routes of administration is through the lungs?

a.   intraperitoreal injection
b.   intrathecal injection
c.   transpleural injection
d.   intracranial injection

_______________ is an example of an indoleamine.

a.   dopamein
b.   adrenalin
c.   serotonin
d.   noradrenaline

_______________ are a part of the somatic nervous system.

a.   smooth muscle
b.   cardiac muscle
c.   skeletal muscle
d.   glands

Which one of these does not belong?

a.   Agonist
b.   Inverse Antagonist
c.   Antagonist
d.   Inverse Agonist

The factors required in determining a drug's effect are:

a.   Concentration of the drug at its site
b.   Rate of Accumulation at the Site
c.   Dose of the Drug
d.   All of the Above

Electrostatic pressure

a.   involves attraction of similarily charged ions
b.   involves repulsion of oppositely charged ions
c.   involves attraction of oppositely charged ions
d.   none of the above

Drugs can alter conduction by

a.   effect properties of membrane itself
b.   altering structure or function of sodium channels located in axonal membranes
c.   alter balance of ions on two sides of the membrane
d.   all of the above

Drugs stay longer and in more concentration in

a.   men
b.   women
c.   Equal amounts for men and women
d.

Which factors affect ionization?

a.   concentration of drug
b.   dose of drug
c.   pH and PKA of drug
d.   all of the above

The forebrain consists of?

a.   Diencephalon
b.   telencephalon
c.   metencephalon
d.   Both a&b

Freud did studies using the drug

a.   cocaine
b.   heroin
c.   LSD
d.   marijuana

Drugs are all of the following except

a.   non-food substance
b.   alters one or more biological processes
c.   is an endogenous substance
d.   has many historical connections

Which of the following is true for heroine?

a.   It has some currently accepted medical use
b.   It is a Schedule 1 drug
c.   Has a low abuse potential
d.   All of the above

Which of the following drugs sedate, calm or relax most individuals at low doses and induce sleep in higher doses?

a.   Psychostimulants
b.   Major Tranquilizer
c.   Sedative-hypnotics
d.   Analgesics

Which of the following affect the absorption of a drug?

a.   Ionization
b.   pH
c.   Digestive Secretions
d.   All of the above

First-order kinetics ____?

a.   Is the rate of drug metabolism directly proportional to the concentration of the drug.
b.   Is independent of concentration.
c.   Is the rate of drug metabolism for alcohol.
d.

Which of the following is not a major metabolic process?

a.   Reduction
b.   Cleavage
c.   Oxidation
d.   Diffusion

Which of the following is a major route of Drug Administration?

a.   Intrathecal injection
b.   Inhalation
c.   Transdermal
d.   All of the above

The Blood Brain Barrier consists mostly of :

a.   red b lood cells
b.   adipose tissue
c.   capillary endothelial cells
d.   none of the above

A drug that is most readily absorbed in the stomach

a.   is a weak acid
b.   has a high pH
c.   is ionized in the stomach
d.   both a & b

The period of time in which a neuron has reduced sensitivity to stimulation, is called

a.   absolute refractory period
b.   relative refractory period
c.   depolarization
d.   hyperpolarization

Depolarization may result from

a.   influx of Na+
b.   eflux of Cl-
c.   influx of K+
d.   all of the above

Tryptophan is the precursor for the neurotransmitter(s):

a.   dopamine
b.   serotonin
c.   acetylcholine
d.   epinephrine

At the postganglionic site what neurotransmitter effects the parasympathetic system?

a.   Dopamine
b.   Ach
c.   NE
d.   epinephrine

What form of drug administration leads to the highest concentration of drug in the blood in the shorteset amount of time?

a.   p.o.
b.   i.p.
c.   i.v.
d.   all the same

The incoming nerve impulses are picked up by which structure of the neuron?

a.   Axon Hillock
b.   Myelin Sheath
c.   Dendrites
d.   Both a & c

The resting potential is regulated by

a.   electrostatic pressure
b.   gravitational force
c.   osmotic pressure
d.   both a & c

Tyrosine forms _______ which then forms dopamine which then forms __________ then forms ___________

a.   E, L-DOPA, NE
b.   L-DOPA, NE, E
c.   NE, L-DOPA, E
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is an example of a catecholamine?

a.   Norepinephrine
b.   Serotonin
c.   Dopamine
d.   Both a & c

In order for a drug to get to neurons, it needs to be which of the following?

a.   very small
b.   lipid-soluble
c.   compatible with one of the carrier-mediated or active transport systems developed in the capillary and astrocyte cells
d.   all of the above

The part of the brain that prevents most nonnutritive substances from entering it and affecting nervous tissue is called:

a.   the myelin sheath
b.   the blood-brain barrier
c.   the cerebral cortex
d.   none of the above

Whose plan to help backfired when he treated a friend's addiction to morphine with cocaine?

a.   Pavlov
b.   Charvel
c.   Freud
d.   Leary

Which drug revolutionized the treatment of the severely mentally disturbed?

a.   chlorpromazine
b.   Prozac
c.   lysergic diethylamide
d.   clozapine

Insulin, testosterone, estrogen, and adrenaline are examples of:

a.   so-called "mind-expanding drugs"
b.   ligands
c.   psychadelic drugs
d.   both a & c

Drugs that are metabolized at a fairly constant rate regardless of the amount taken...

a.   exhibit first-order kinetics.
b.   exhibit zero-order kinetics.
c.   include ethanol.
d.   both b & c

Which of the following drugs form only a physiological dependency?

a.   cocaine
b.   alcohol
c.   nasal spray
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is not a type of membrane passage.

a.   Active Transport
b.   Ionization
c.   Diffusion
d.   Spiked

The primary organ of excretion

a.   Li ver
b.   Kidney
c.   Large intestines
d.   Pancreas

TR=ED50/LD50, What is TR

a.   numeriacal value of the threshold
b.   indicates how safe a drug is
c.   Rate of Tolerance
d.   Rate of Activation in post synaptic cleft

What drug in the 1960's was a pharmacological revolution, emptying the hospital beds?

a.   Thorozine
b.   Chlorpromazine
c.   Prozac
d.   Both a & b

The liver accounts for _______ percent of the metabolism of alcohol.

a.   15
b.   80
c.   100
d.   90

The enzyme that is needed to convert ethanol into acetaldehyde is which of the following:.

a.   aldehyde dehydrogenase
b.   disulfiram
c.   alcohol dehydrogenase
d.   none of the above

Which of the following are side effects for the benzodiazepines?

a.   skin rash
b.   vertigo
c.   menstrual irregularities
d.   all of the above

What is the most commonly used psychostimulant?

a.   caffeine
b.   nicotine
c.   amphetamine
d.   alcohol

___________________ is an example of a serotonin type monoamine-related PPH.

a.   MDA
b.   LSD
c.   marijuana
d.   PCP

Alcohol is an example of a drug that undergoes

a.   first order kinetics
b.   zero order kinetics
c.   a and c
d.   does not undergo kinetics

The following are the effects of alcohol on human performance

a.   detrimental effect on vision
b.   decreased sensitivity to taste, smell, and pain
c.   increased reaction time
d.   a and b

Mild to moderate retardation, cleft palate, and cardiac irregularities 
are symptoms of this

a.   alcoholism
b.   fetal alcohol syndrome
c.   intoxication
d.   none of the above

This drug has replaced Valium as the most commonly prescribed anxiolytic

a.   Librium
b.   Tranxene
c.   Xanax
d.   Ativan

Anxiolytics have a

a.   high therapeutic index
b.   low therapeutic index
c.
d.

Side effects of these drugs include skin rash, vertigo, headache, and menstrual 
irregularities

a.   amphetamines
b.   antipsychotics
c.   sedative-hypnotics
d.   benzodiazepines

Intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, increased mood and alertness, 
and violence are psychological effects of this type of drug

a.   barbiturates
b.   amphetamines
c.   anixiolytics
d.   antipsychotics

Cocaine

a.   has similar effects as amphetamines
b.   can cause very strong physical dependence
c.   can initiate panic attacks and seizures
d.   all of the above

All of the following are opiod receptors except

a.   Mu- pain modulation
b.   Delta - emotion modulation
c.   Lambda- pleasure modulation
d.   Kappa - possible sedating mediator

Short-term memory interference, distraction, and long-term memory retrieval 
are characteristic of this drug

a.   cocaine
b.   amphetamines
c.   opium
d.   marijuana

Anticholinergics have which of the following effects

a.   alcohol-like intoxication
b.   global paranoia
c.   hebephrenia
d.   a and c

Tricyclics are generally more favored over MAO-I's because

a.   they are just as effective, but cost less
b.   they have about the same side effects, but cost less
c.   they are significantly more effective and less toxic
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is the most commonly used and abused sedative-hypnotic?

a.   cocaine
b.   caffeine
c.   alcohol
d.   LSD

Where does Parkinson's disease originate in the brain?

a.   medulla
b.   basal ganglia
c.   hypothalamus
d.   substantia nigra

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of taking anabolic steroids?

a.   acne
b.   increase in high-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol)
c.   atrophied testicles
d.   hypertension

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of taking anabolic steroids?

a.   acne
b.   increase in high-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol)
c.   atrophied testicles
d.   hypertension

Which of the following are psychological effects of using marijuana?

a.   altered state of consciousness
b.   inhibition of aggression and violence
c.   euphoria
d.   all of the above

Which of the following are psychological effects of using marijuana?

a.   altered state of consciousness
b.   inhibition of aggression and violence
c.   euphoria
d.   all of the above

Which of the following is Prozac, the wonder drug, NOT used to treat?

a.   depression
b.   alcoholism
c.   arachnophobia
d.   PMS

If a drink is 80% proof, it is ____ alcohol.

a.   40%
b.   60%
c.   80%
d.   160%

If a drink is 80% proof, it is ____ alcohol.

a.   40%
b.   60%
c.   80%
d.   160%

If a drink is 80% proof, it is ____ alcohol.

a.   40%
b.   60%
c.   80%
d.   160%

Women experience greater effect of alcohol because they...

a.   drink more
b.   eat less
c.   have higher amount of fat
d.   don't play football to burn it off

Women experience greater effect of alcohol because they...

a.   drink more
b.   eat less
c.   have higher amount of fat
d.   don't play football to burn it off

What country has the highest rate of alcoholism?

a.   USA
b.   Geece
c.   France
d.   Italy

At what percent BAC is a person legally intoxicated?

a.   .05
b.   .1
c.   .5
d.   1.0

Low doses of alcohol are _______, high doses are _________.

a.   sedative, hypnotic
b.   hypnotic, sedative
c.   stupid, healthy
d.   depressive, stimulant

Which of the following are reasons that people start to take drugs?

a.   to escape or to cope
b.   for curiosity or peer pressure
c.   self-discovery or spiritual purpose
d.   all of the above

Which of the following are reasons that people start to take drugs?

a.   to escape or to cope
b.   for curiosity or peer pressure
c.   self-discovery or spiritual purpose
d.   all of the above

Why do people continue to take drugs?

a.   fear of withdrawl
b.   physical reward
c.   psychological reward
d.   all of the above

Which of the following are characteristics of ADD?

a.   Rapid mood swings
b.   Extreme aggressiveness
c.   Attention and effort for tasks is decreased
d.   All of the above

Failure to develop interpersonal relationships and inability to use communicative speech is characteristic of which of the following disorders?

a.   ADD
b.   Childhood Sz
c.   Infantile autism
d.   Mental retardation

Which drug is used to treat bipolar disorder and has a low therapeutic index?

a.   Amphetamines
b.   Lithium
c.   Prozac
d.   Tricyclics

Which of the following are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

a.   Lack of interest in things
b.   Have dilusions
c.   Do not make friends
d.   Both a & c

Which of the following is the most commonly used psychostimulant?

a.   Amphetamines
b.   Cocaine
c.   Caffeine
d.   Nicotine

Which of the following drugs increases release of catecholamines and causes intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure?

a.   Caffine
b.   Amphetamines
c.   Cocaine
d.   LSD

Withdrawal from chronic use of large doses of alcohol includes which of the following?

a.   sedation
b.   delerium tremens
c.   none of the above
d.   both a and b

The side effects of chronic alcohol use include...

a.   alcholic hepatitis
b.   esophageal varices
c.   cognitive and motor deficits
d.   all of the above

odds are that this number of people out of 20 drink moderately or occasionally

a.   5
b.   10
c.   15
d.   20

All of the following are Schedule I drugs except...

a.   Heroin
b.   Marijuana
c.   Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
d.   Methadone (Dolophine)

All of the following drugs are currently used in United States hospitals for medical purposes except...

a.   Cocaine
b.   Morphine
c.   Meperidine (Demerol)
d.   Heroin

All of the following are psychostimulants except...

a.   Methylphenidate
b.   Amphetamine
c.   Mescaline
d.   Cocaine

Which of the following caffeine containing beverages contains the highest amount of caffeine

a.   Brewed coffee
b.   Cocoa
c.   Chocolate milk
d.   Decaffeinated coffee

Of the following four types of antagonism, which is defined as the chemical has a definite affinity for the receptor but has no intrinsic activity after being bound to it.

a.   Competitive antagonism
b.   Non-competitive antagonism
c.   Pharmocological Antagonism
d.   Physiological Antagonism

Which is not a disadvantage of the per os (PO) route of drug administration?

a.   rate of absorption is more variable
b.   may cause nausea and vomiting
c.   rate of absorption slow
d.   none of the above

Which of the following are not disadvantages of the intravenous (IV) route of drug administration

a.   clot formation
b.   vessel irritation
c.   allergic reaction
d.   slower onset than transdermal administration

Which of the following is not one of the most common routes of drug administration.

a.   intravenous (IV)
b.   per os (PO)
c.   intra-arterial
d.   intramuscular (IM)

The normal dosage of medications should be altered for all of the following except...

a.   a geriatric patient
b.   an adolescent
c.   an normal adult male
d.   none of the above

The metabolic process that breaks down chemicals into smaller parts is...

a.   Cleavage
b.   Conjugation
c.   Oxidation
d.   Reduction

The rate of drug metabolism can be effected by which of the following...

a.   other drugs in the system
b.   age
c.   species
d.   all of the above

The part of the neuron that speeds the impulses is the...

a.   dendrite
b.   axon
c.   myelin sheath
d.   vesicle

Which of the following is not a catecholamine?

a.   Dopamine
b.   Epinephrine
c.   Norepinephrine
d.   Serotonin

Endorphins have an effect on which of the following?

a.   Pain perception
b.   Stress reaction
c.   primary reward
d.   All of the above

The medulla controls which of the following?

a.   Heart rate
b.   Blood pressure
c.   Respirations
d.   all of the above

The hypothalamus controls which of the following?

a.   feeding
b.   flight response
c.   fight response
d.   all of the above

Which of the following is not a side-effect of chronic amphetamines use?

a.   lethargy
b.   nonhealing ulcers
c.   high blood pressure
d.   brain damage

true or false physical dependence is not not a necessity in order for a person to be deemed an alchholic?

a.   true
b.   false
c.
d.

which of the following is not a possible result of fetal alcohol syndrome

a.   cardiac irregularities
b.   moderate mental retardation
c.   unusually small fingers and toes
d.   small head circumference

nonsmokers metabolize caffeine at a more accelerated rate that smokers

a.   true
b.   false
c.
d.

amphetamines were orginally use to treat?

a.   headaches
b.   asthma
c.   sore throats
d.   anxiety

amphetamines are the choice drug in treating hyperactive children?

a.   true
b.   false
c.
d.

Which seditive-hypnotic is the most commonly used and abused?

a.   marijuana
b.   barbituates
c.   amphetamines
d.   ethanol

Which prescribed seditive-hypnotic is the most commonly used and abused?

a.   marijuana
b.   barbituates
c.   amphetamines
d.   ethanol

Alcohol exhibits _____ _____ kinetics

a.   first order
b.   zero order
c.   no order
d.   none of the above

What is a mechanism that helps prevent the lethal effects of alcohol?

a.   vomitting
b.   passing out
c.   walking around
d.   two of the above

A Hangover may be related to the build up of ________ in the body?

a.   acetaldehyde
b.   serotonin
c.   epinephrene
d.   dopamine

Which is not a symptom of FAS?

a.   mental retardation
b.   cleft palate
c.   lung abnormalities
d.   cardiac irregularities

Benzodiazepine receptors are an ________ for GABA

a.   inverse antagonist
b.   inverse agonist
c.   indirect agonist
d.   antagonist

A baby, whose mother drank a lot of caffine, can go through caffine 
withdrawal.

a.   true
b.   false
c.
d.

Amphetamines can

a.   inhibit reuptake of catecholamines
b.   mildly inhibit MAO
c.   lower dopamine activity
d.   two of the above

Which is correct. 
Cocaine is better than Amphetamines in:

a.   facilitating dopamine activity
b.   facilitating norepinephrine activity
c.   facilitating serotonin activity
d.   none of the above

Endorphines are made in the

a.   thyroid gland
b.   pineal gland
c.   pituitary gland
d.   none of the above

Which is not a natural opiate?

a.   herion
b.   morphine
c.   codeine
d.   none are natural opiates

________ are very good Heroine blockers

a.   agonists
b.   antagonists
c.
d.

Countries other than the US use marijuana for _________, while it 
makes Americans eat.

a.   dieting
b.   increasing appetite
c.   decreasing sleep
d.   all of the above

Which is not correct in comparing LSD to Schizophrenia 
LSD SZ

a.   (LSD)visual :(Sz) auditory
b.   plesant: threatening/unpleasant
c.   superimposed enviroment: distortion of exsisting enviornment
d.   all of the above

Monamine related drugs

a.   decrease pupil size
b.   increase blood pressure
c.   increase heart rate
d.   b&c

Monamine related drugs

a.   decrease pupil size
b.   increase blood pressure
c.   increase heart rate
d.   b&c

Too much dopamine causes _________ while too litte causes _________.

a.   schizophrenia , parkinsons
b.   parkinsons, schizoprenia
c.   schizophrenia , epilepsy
d.   none of the above

Which is the best way to handle a violent person on PCP?

a.    give him coffee
b.   lock him in a safe padded room
c.   talk him down
d.   give him something to eat

If you were to overdose on a drug, which one would be the safest

a.    heroin
b.   LSD
c.   morphine
d.   cocaine

             QUESTIONS FROM D&B, FALL '98

The most widespread inhibitory NT in the brain is:

a.   Glycine
b.   Peptides
c.   Glutamate
d.   GABA

Weak acids are absorbed well in the:

a.   stomach
b.   G.I.
c.   liver
d.   All of these

Hyperpolarization may result from:

a.   eflux of Na+
b.   eflux of Cl-
c.   Influx of K+
d.   Influx of Cl-

Pka is the pH at which:

a.   50% of the drug is excreted
b.   100% of the drug is ionized
c.   50% of the drug is absorbed
d.   50% of the drug is ionized

Which statement is incorrect about the Blood Brain Barrier?

a.   BBB is not uniform throughout the brain
b.   BBB is made up primarily of Astrocytes
c.   BBB is surrounded by glial cells
d.   Bound drugs are less likely than free drugs to penetrate the BBB

What are the two primary receptors for acetylcholine?

a.   COMT and MAO
b.   alpha 1 and alpha 2
c.   muscarinic and nicotinic
d.   alpha 1 and beta 1

The ion most responsible for the resting potential of a neuron is:

a.   Na+
b.   Cl-
c.   Ca++
d.   K+

Which of the following compounds is not a part of the second messenger pathway?

a.   phosphodiesterase
b.   acetic acid
c.   protein kinase
d.   adenylate cyclase

Which of the following is not an important metabolic process?

a.   cleavage
b.   oxidation
c.   conjugation
d.   phosphoralation

What is the therapeutic window?

a.   The point at which 50% of the drug has been metabolized
b.   The amount of the drug needed in order to replace an endogenous chemical at that site
c.   The point of maximum effect of the drug with the minimal side effects.
d.   The dose of the drug that is effective in 50% of the subjects tested.

The time needed for half of the drug to be eliminated from the blood stream:

a.   therapeutic window
b.   plasma half-lives
c.   lethal dose 50
d.   effective dose 50

The pH level of the human stomach is approximately _______.

a.   7
b.   10
c.   3
d.   6

The most common route of drug administration is _________.

a.   intravenously
b.   by drug inhalation
c.   subcutaneously
d.   per os

What are the two primary factors that influence the concentration of ions across a neuronal membrane?

a.   homeostatic pressure / concentration gradient
b.   concentration gradient / electrostatic pressure
c.   electrostatic pressure / extracellular fluid
d.   extracellular fluid / homeostatic pressure

Which of the following is not categorized in "the hindbrain" region?

a.   thalmus
b.   medulla
c.   cerebellum
d.   pons

Which of the following is NOT a method of psychotropic drug classification?

a.   Molecular Structure - Activity Classification
b.   Drug Use Classification
c.   Neurotransmitter Classification
d.   Schedule Controlled Drug Classification

The major class of transmitters are ______.

a.   amines
b.   amino acids
c.   peptides
d.   all of the above

_________ is a conglomeration of diverse structures in the cerebral 
hemispheres where a large number of circuits relating to different 
functions come together.

a.   The midbrain.
b.   The cerebellum.
c.   The reticular activating system.
d.   The limbic system.

In order to determine whether the combination of two drugs that are 
capable of inducing the same effects involves addition or potention, 
one must do what?

a.   Estabish what the dose-response functions for the drugs are seperately.
b.   Establish what the minimally effective doses of the two drugs are.
c.   Determine whether the combonation of these two drugs results in an effect greater than that achieved by simply doubling the minimally effective dose of one of the drugs.
d.   All of the above.

What is a drug interaction called when two drugs act at two different kinds of receptors, whose actions oppose each other?

a.   competitive antagonist
b.   noncompetitive antagonist
c.   physiological antagonist
d.   synergism

The term idiosyncrasy refers to:

a.   when an individual overresponds to a drug
b.   when an individual underresponds to a drug
c.   when there is an unexpected response or unusual effect of a drug
d.   both a and c

What are two of the most important factors in a drug's effects?

a.   concentration and route of administration
b.   concentration and rate of accumulation at the site of action
c.   route of administration and rate of accumulation at the site of action
d.   route of administration and the PKa of the drug

Which is not an advantage of intravenous injection (IV)?

a.   rapid onset of drug action
b.   intense effects
c.   vessel irritation and/or collapse
d.   fine adjustments in drug dosage

A drug's relative margin of safety is

a.   median effective index
b.   therapeutic index
c.   Range of tolerance
d.   none of the above

Which metabolic process results in an increase in electrons, making it more electronegative?

a.   Cleavage
b.   Oxidation
c.   Reduction
d.   Conjugation

The predicted voltage is -75 mv, but the actual is -70 mv, this can be explained by

a.   K leakage
b.   Overabundace of Cl
c.   Overabundance of Na
d.   Na leakage

Which of the following chemicals is not a precursor of norepinephrine?

a.   Dopamine
b.   Tyrosine
c.   Epinephrine
d.   All are precursors

This category of chemicals is linked with regulation of functions such as mood, aggression, and sleep:

a.   Endorphins
b.   Indoleamines
c.   Catecholamines
d.   Amino Acids

Which of the following is not a factor involved in the per os absorbtion of drugs:

a.   Lipid solubility
b.   Drug concentration
c.   Rate of blood flow
d.   All are factors involved in per os absorbtion

"This refers to the relative capability of a compound to activate a receptor after being bound to it."

a.   "Affinity"
b.   "Toxicity"
c.   "Intrinsic Activity"
d.   "Efficacy"

"Chemicals that come before the neurotransmitter are called"

a.   "Precursors"
b.   "Autoreceptors"
c.   "Ligands"
d.   "Enzymes"

"Increases in the polarization of a cell are called"

a.   "Depolarization"
b.   "Hyperpolarization"
c.   "Superpolarization"
d.   "Neuropolarization"

"Which of the following was the first neurotransmitter found?"

a.   "Epi"
b.   "NE"
c.   "Ach"
d.   "5-HT"

"Initially when a pharmaceutical company discovers or synthesizes a promising new drug, it is given a"

a.   "Chemical name"
b.   "Brand name"
c.   "Generic name"
d.   "Code name"

What is not a characteristic feature of tolerance?

a.   Occurs in response to repeated drug administration
b.   Loss of effect relative to initial impact
c.   Results in lesser amounts of drug being required to reinstate that initial effect
d.   Results in greater amounts of drug being required to reinstate that initial effect

What are the implications of instrumental conditioning?

a.   Task-drug association
b.   Task-specific but generalizability
c.   No development of tolerance without consequences
d.   All of the above

What is the factor(s) in dependence?

a.   genetics
b.   sociological
c.   both a and b
d.   none of the above

What part of the neuron is the beginning of action potential?

a.   axon hillock
b.   cell body
c.   terminal buttons
d.   myelin sheath

What is a disadvantage of I.V. administration?

a.   clot formation
b.   vessel irritation/ collapse
c.   allergic reaction
d.   all of the above

What is not a factor in experiencing a drug?

a.   dose
b.   duration
c.   set
d.   none of the above

WHICH OF THESE IS A MAJOR METABOLIC PROCESS?

a.   CLEAVAGE
b.   OXIDATION
c.   CONJUGATION
d.   ALL OF THE ABOVE

WHICH OF THESE DOES NOT INCREASE DUE TO THE PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM?

a.   MOBILITY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
b.   DIAMETER OF AIRWAY IN THE LUNGS
c.   DIAMETER OF BLOOD VESSELS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
d.   BOTH A AND C

THE THERAPEUTIC RATIO (TR) EQUALS?

a.   LD100/ED50
b.   ED100/LD50
c.   ED50/LD50
d.   ED1000/LD20

WHICH ONE OF THESE IS NOT AN ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG?

a.   CHLOROPROMAZINE
b.   HALPERIDOL
c.   THORIDAZINE
d.   AMITRIPTYLINE

The rate of excretion is influenced by:

a.   Lipid solubility.
b.   Active Secretion vs. Passive Diffusion.
c.   pH.
d.   All of the above.

Which is NOT a implication of drugs on a fetus and neonates?

a.   Teratogenic effects.
b.   A greater proportion of blood flow is distributed to an adult brain compared to a fetus or neonate.
c.   Placenta is less permeable.
d.   BBB is less developed.

Which is the metabolic pathway for the manufacture of Catecholamines NTs?

a.   (Tyrosine)-(Dopamine)-(L-Dopa)-(Norepinephrine)-(Epinephrine)
b.   (Tyrosine)-(L-Dopa)-(Dopamine)-(Norepinephrine)-(Epinephrine)
c.   (Tyrosine)-(Dopamine)-(L-Dopa)-(Epinephrine)-(Norepinephrine)
d.   (Tyrosine)-(L-Dopa)-(Dopamine)-(Epinephrine)-(Norepinephrine)

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for:

a.   functions that involve flight
b.   hormone production and release
c.   vegetative functions
d.   insulin secretion

Carbohydrates increase brain synthesis of tryptophan and serotonin?

a.   True
b.   False
c.
d.

Acetylcholine

a.   is found in various parts of the PNS
b.   is not found in the CNS
c.   has excitatory properties in the PNS
d.   both a & c

A term that refers to the degree to which a drug is able to induce a given desirable effect is :

a.   toxicity
b.   theraputic index
c.   efficacy
d.   threshold dose

The route of administration that is generally the safest, cheapest, and most convenient is:

a.   I.V.
b.   I.M.
c.   P.O.
d.   none of the above

The organ most responsible for metabolizing drugs is:

a.   the heart
b.   the kidney
c.   the intestines
d.   the liver

The region where the axon emerges from the soma is called the:

a.   axon hillock
b.   soma passage
c.   astrocyte
d.   C.N.S

The amount of time it takes to eliminate half the drug from the bloodstreamis:

a.   withdrawal
b.   plasma half-lives
c.   theraputic window
d.   ED 1/2

The_____________ measures the relationship between the dose administered and the response observed

a.   inverse agonist
b.   dose-response curve
c.   drug graph
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is true of the parasympathetic system:

a.   Originates in the sacral region of the spinal cord and the medulla
b.   Releases Norepinephrine at the target cells
c.   Stimulation increases heart rate and blood pressure
d.   None of the above are true

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A CATECHOLAMINE?

a.   NOREPINEPHRINE
b.   DOPAMINE
c.   SEROTONIN
d.   EPINEPHRINE

What is the most commonly use and abused sedative-hypnotic substance in U.S.A.? (i.e. at the top of the list)

a.   Benzodiazepines
b.   Alcohol
c.   Barbiturates
d.

What is the most commonly use and abused sedative-hypnotic substance in U.S.A.? (i.e. at the top of the list)

a.   Benzodiazepines
b.   Alcohol
c.   Barbiturates
d.   All from the above

BAC of how many percent is legal intoxication for driving in most states?

a.   0.1%
b.   0.01%
c.   1.0%
d.   0.001%

How many percent of alcohol will excreted through lungs after one has drink alcohol?

a.   6%
b.   10%
c.   5%
d.   20%

What are the effects of the chornic alcohol comsuption?

a.   Early stage of fat and this causes one to have fatty liver.
b.   Deatory liver cells (cirrhosis).
c.   Change the rate of metabolism in the liver.
d.   All from the above.

What are the action of the alcohol with the intoxicationed dose?

a.   Inhibit excitalory of effects of glutamate.
b.   Asparate at NMDA receptors-ion complex.
c.   Lesser calcium and sodium ion to the neurons and decrease depolize.
d.   All from the above.

What are the 2 built-mechanism in our bodies prevent the lethal level of alcohol?

a.   Vomiting
b.   Passout
c.   Stuporous
d.   All from the above

What is the therapentic index for alcohol?

a.   2
b.   1
c.   6
d.   7

Our livers take how many percent of alcohol that is metabolized?

a.   2
b.   100
c.   30
d.   90

How alcohol interferes with normal metabolic activities of the liver? (i.e. what alcohol effects our livers.)

a.   Oxidize fats, this cause to form complex fat.
b.   reduces the rate of liver produce glucose.
c.   blood sugar level depressed.
d.   all from the above.

What is the meaning of sedative-hypnotic drug?

a.   Low dose will have psychological calming effect.
b.   High dose will have hypnotic or sleep-inducing.
c.   Twp from the above .
d.   None from the above.

Which of the following is not a treatment obstacle?

a.   conflicting goals
b.   over-supply of treatment
c.   poor follow through
d.   process evaluation (assess methods)

Which of the following is not lipid soluble?

a.   alcohol
b.   amphetamines
c.   canabinoids
d.   they are all lipid soluble

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

a.   hallucinations
b.   apathy
c.   dellusions
d.

Which of the following is not an example of why people smoke cigarettes?

a.   to get to sleep
b.   to lose weight
c.   to manipulate their mood
d.   because of a high self-esteem psychological profile

Alcohol has a strong potential for what kind of dependence?

a.   psychological
b.   physiological
c.   both
d.   neither

THE TERM REFERRED TO A DRUG THAT HAS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CALMING EFFECT W/LOW DOSES AND A SLEEP-INDUCING EFFECT AT HIGHER DOSES IS:

a.   ANTI-DEPRESSANT
b.   SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC
c.   HYPERVENTILATOR
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

SOME EFFECTS OF USING ALCOHOL ARE:

a.   SOCIAL ASSERTIVENESS
b.   AGGRESSION
c.   ENHANCEMENT OF SEXUAL PERFORMANCE
d.   ALL OF THE ABOVE

THE ALCOHOL CONTENT OF A BEVERAGE IS CALLED:

a.   ALCOHOL ABSOLUTE VALUE
b.   LETHALITY
c.   ALCOHOLISM
d.   PROOF

IF A DRINK IS 30% ETHANOL WHAT IS THE PROOF OF IT?

a.   15
b.   100
c.   40
d.   60

CONTINUOUS OR PERIODIC IMPAIRED CONTROL OVER DRINKING IS REFERRED TO AS:

a.   DELIRIUM TANTRUMS
b.   ALCOHOLISM
c.   AMNESIA
d.   BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT

THE FEAR OF BEING IN PLACES OR SITUATIONS FROM WHICH ESCAPING IS DIFFICULT OF EMBARASSING IS KNOWN AS:

a.   ARACHNAPHOBIA
b.   PANIC ATTACK
c.   BOTH A & B
d.   AGORPHOBIA

WHAT IS THE MOST WIDELY USED BEHAVIORALLY ACTIVE DRUG?

a.   COCAINE
b.   HEROIN
c.   NICOTINE
d.   CAFFEINE

WHAT IS SOMETHING THAT AMPHETAMINES ARE USED TO TREAT?

a.   ASTHMA
b.   THE FLU
c.   PNEUMONIA
d.   ALCOHOLISM

WHAT WAS THE DRUG THAT FREUD INITIALLY CONSIDERED TO BE A WONDER DRUG?

a.   HEROIN
b.   LSD
c.   COCAINE
d.   EXTASY

THE MOST COMMON TERM FOR MORPHINE AND SIMILAR ACTING DRUGS IS:

a.   NARCOTIC
b.   AGONIST
c.   OPIOIDS
d.   TWO OF THE ABOVE

THE MOST PROMINENT CLINICALLY USEFUL EFFECT OF OPIATES IS:

a.   MAKING PEOPLE HAPPY
b.   INDUCING SLEEP
c.   REDUCING PAIN
d.   ALL OF THE ABOVE

WHEN ONE HAS FALSE BELIEFS THEY ARE SAID TO BE HAVING:

a.   HALLUCINATIONS
b.   DELUSIONS
c.   ILLUSIONS
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

A P/P/H DRUG THAT SHARES CHARACTERISTICS W/AT LEAST TWO OF THE OTHERS BUT IS SO UNIQUE IT DOESN'T FIT INTO ANY OF THE CATEGORIES IS:

a.   IBOGAINE
b.   HALLUCINOGEN
c.   PSYCHEDELIC
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

ALL OF PSYCHOTOMIMIETIC MOLECULES HAVE A NIMBER OF ______________ GROUPS ATACHED TO THEM.

a.   METHYL
b.   ETHONOL
c.   PROTONOL
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR LSD TO GET ABSORBED?

a.   2-3 HOURS
b.   1 DAY
c.   IT NEVER DOES GET ABSORBED
d.   30 -60 MINUTES

DEPENDANCE ON MARIJUANA IS CONSIDERED TO BE:

a.   PSYCHOLOGICAL
b.   PHYSILOGICAL
c.   NON-EXISTANT
d.   TWO OF THE ABOVE

ANTICHOLINGERICS ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR BLACKADE AT ___________ RECEPTORS.

a.   ACETYCHOLNE
b.   NOREPINEPHRINE
c.   EPINEPHRINE
d.   SEROTONIN

PEOPLE WHO HAVE BIPOLAR DISORDER HAVE SHIFTS BETWEEN:

a.   BEING SICK AND BEING HEALTHY
b.   MANIA AND DEPRESSION
c.   BOTH A & C
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

THE TYPE OF ANTI-DEPRESSANT THAT CONSISTS OF THREE-RINGED MOLECULES IS:

a.   TRIANGLE ANTI-DEPRESSANT
b.   TRIPLE ANTI-DEPRESSANT
c.   TRICYCLICS
d.   TWO OF THE ABOVE

ONE FORM OF ATYPICAL DEPRESSION THA RESPONDS WELL TO PHENELZINE IS:

a.   HYSTEROID DYPHORIA
b.   MONOMINE OXIDASE
c.   HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
d.   NONRESPONDING ATYPICAL DEPRESSION

THE MOST FREQUENTLY ABUSED DRUG IS:

a.   MARIJUANA
b.   HEROIN
c.   ALCOHOL
d.   LSD

WHAT IS THE FIRST CHOICE OF DRUGS TO USE IN TREATING BIPOLAR DISORDER?

a.   LITHIUM
b.   TRAZODONE
c.   BUSPINONE
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

SCHIZOPHRENIA EFFECTS WHAT PERCENT OF THE POPULATION?

a.   20
b.   50
c.   2
d.   10

SOME SYMPTOMS OF INFANT AUTISM ARE:

a.   FAILURE TO DEVELOP INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
b.   BIZARRE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
c.   DESIRE FOR SAMENESS IN SURROUNDINGS
d.   ALL OF THE ABOVE

THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A NIMBER OD DIVERSE CHRONIC DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY SUDDEN ATTACKS OF THE BRAIN DYSFUNCTION USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SOME ALTERCATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS.

a.   TOURETTE'S SYNDROME
b.   ADD
c.   EPLIPSY
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A NUMBER OF DIVERSE CHRONIC DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY SUDDEN ATTACKS OF THE BRAIN DYSFUNCTION USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SOME ALTERATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS.

a.   TOURETTE'S SYNDROME
b.   ADD
c.   EPLIPSY
d.   NONE OF THE ABOVE

ANTICHOLINGERICS ARE KNOWN FORET HEIR SPECIFIC BLACKADE AT ___________ RECEPTORS.

a.   ACETYCHOLINE
b.   NOREPINEPHRINE
c.   EPINEPHRINE
d.   SEROTONIN

WHICH IS A SIDE EFFECT OF INHALANTS?

a.   CNS ATROPHY
b.   RENAL DAMAGE
c.   INSUFFICIENT OXYGEN
d.   ALL OF THE ABOVE

NEURONAL ABILITY MAY INCREASE OR DECREASE DEPENDING ON______?

a.   THE INDIVIDUAL
b.   HOW MUCH COCA-COLA YOU DRINK
c.   THR DOSE
d.   TWO OF THE ABOVE

Which culture has a history of 5,000 years for using amphetamines?

a.   Hatian
b.   African
c.   Chinese
d.   all of the above

How many cups of coffee can lead to insomnia or panic attacks?

a.   1-5
b.   5-7
c.   7-10
d.   20 or more

Sympathomimetic effects of Amphetamines do not consists of_____?

a.   Decrease in BP
b.   Increase in HR
c.    Increase in body tempature
d.   Increase in muscular tension

What is a disorder that occurs in children?

a.   ADD
b.   Retardation
c.   Schizophrenia
d.   all of the above

What are some of the characteristics of flashbacks?

a.   occurs several weeks after LSD injection
b.   premormid state
c.   explanations are hampered by confounds
d.   all of the above

Cannabis is another name for?

a.   heroin
b.   cocaine
c.   marijuana
d.   none of the above

What is not a psychological effect of marijuana?

a.   violence
b.   ESP
c.   easily distracted
d.   temporal disintegration

Ketamine is useful for______.

a.   alcoholics
b.   stunt doubles
c.   burn victims
d.   college students studying for finals

What is not a pharmacological effect of PCP?

a.   short plasma half life
b.   long plasma half life
c.   active metabolites
d.   none of the above

Which hypothesis is related to (SZ) schizophrenia?

a.   endorphin hypothesis
b.   oxidation hypothesis
c.   dopamine hypothesis
d.   both a & c

How many current antipsychotics sre on the market ?

a.   2
b.   2
c.   5
d.   12+

What is the efficacy of antipsychotics?

a.   0% improvement
b.   25% improvement
c.   50% improvement
d.   70% improvement

What are some side effects of antipsychotics?

a.   frequent hot and cold spells
b.   weight gain
c.   dystonia
d.   both b&c

What is not a factor of tardive dyskinesia?

a.   age
b.   culture
c.   gender
d.   late onset

What is a symptom of depression?

a.   guilt
b.   elevated positive mood
c.   insomnia
d.   both a & c

Alternatives to lithium in treatment for bipolar disorder are?

a.   antipsychotics
b.   prozac
c.   antidepressants
d.   both a & c

The MAOs use in the US are:

a.   parnate
b.   advil
c.   nardil
d.   both a & c

Three types of endorhins are:

a.   enkephalins, dynorphins, pemoline magnesium
b.   enkephalins, maagnesium, triptomine
c.   enkephalins, H2O, hemoglobin
d.   none of the above

Which is not an opiod receptor?

a.   Mu
b.   Beta
c.   Delta
d.   Kappa

Narcotic behavioral effects include:

a.   decreased sex drive
b.   constipation
c.   poor nutrition
d.   all of the above

Opiate withdrawal does not include____?

a.   psychological dependence
b.   FLU
c.   Migraines
d.   none of the above

The misconception of narcotic lethality is____?

a.   little evidence for excessive amounts
b.   requires a much higher dose than usual
c.   rapidity of death consistent with narcotic
d.   both a & b

Manic depression occurs in

a.   95% of depressed people
b.   70% of depressed people
c.   20% of depressed people
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is NOT considered a "common" disease of the elderly?

a.   alzheimers
b.   parkinson
c.   ADHD
d.   depression

Cocaine users tend to have cross tolerance with:

a.   amphetamines
b.   cannabinoids
c.   LSD
d.   antipsychotics

Rewarding effects of amphetimine are due to:

a.   decrease in serotonin
b.   increase in dopamine
c.   decrease in norepinephrine
d.   decrease in MAOI

Medicinal uses of caffiene are for treatment of:

a.   narcilepsy
b.   ADHD
c.   both a and b
d.   none

Which of the following factors is not important to consider in treatment of depression:

a.   onset of action
b.   side effects
c.   toxicity
d.   these are all important

Treatment of depression is NOT done by:

a.   tricyclics
b.   MAOIs
c.   anxiolytics
d.   SSRIs

A disease with symptoms "opposite" to Parkinson's Disease is:

a.   ADHD
b.   Gilles de Tourettes
c.   Autism
d.   none of the above

LSD use most often triggers the onset of:

a.   illusions
b.   hallucinations
c.   delusions
d.   none of the above

The half life of most cannabinoids is approximately:

a.   50-60 hours
b.   10-12 hours
c.   30-60 minutes
d.   5-10 hours

An example of a catecholamine-type PPH is:

a.   LSD
b.   Psilocin
c.   Mescaline
d.   DMT

On average, antidepressants are given for a period of _______ to treat mild forms of depression.

a.   1 to 2 weeks
b.   for life
c.   2 to 3 years
d.   4 to 6 months

For treatment of infantile autism, which of the following drugs is NOT proven to be effective?

a.   Sedative hypnotics
b.   Lithium
c.   antipsychotics
d.   Fenfluramine

The average IQ for a mentally retarded individual is approximately:

a.   <75
b.   <90
c.   <105
d.   80< x <100

A common characteristic of infantile autism is:

a.   no fear of danger
b.   tendency to spin objects
c.   inappropriate laughing
d.   all of the above

Parkinson's Disease is caused by:

a.   excess of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia
b.   destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia
c.   excess of serotonin receptors
d.   lack of serotonin receptors

Some common symptoms of Parkinson's Disease are:

a.   slow movements
b.   muscular rigidity
c.   tremors
d.   all of the above

Treatment of Parkinson's Disease is done with L-DOPA instead Dopamine because:

a.   L-DOPA can't cross the BBB
b.   dopamine can't cross the BBB
c.   dopamine cannot be isolated
d.   L-DOPA is more cost effective

Animals will not self-adminster _______.

a.   Cocaine
b.   LSD
c.   marijuana
d.   heroin

Which of the following is NOT sensory effect of amphetamines:

a.   increase in blood pressure
b.   increase in heart rate
c.   decrease in body temperature
d.   bronchial dilation

Caffeine is metabolized more quickly by _______.

a.   women
b.   smokers
c.   both a and b
d.   none of the above

Alcohol exhibits _____ order kinetics.

a.   zero
b.   first
c.   second
d.   third

Alcohol is ________.

a.   highly water soluble
b.   not fat soluble
c.   able to pass the blood brain barrier
d.   all of the above

The liver accounts for __% of alcohol metabolism.

a.   50
b.   10
c.   90
d.   25

A blood alcohol level of ____ usually results in death.

a.   .5%
b.   .15%
c.   1%
d.   .33333%

The most frequently abused sedative hypnotic is:

a.   Benzodiazapine
b.   Barbiturates
c.   Anxiolytics
d.   none of the above

The country with the most alcohol consumption is _____.

a.   USA
b.   England
c.   France
d.   Ireland

The enzyme responsible for alcohol metabolism is _______.

a.   alcohol oxidase
b.   alcohol metabolase
c.   alcohol formulase
d.   alcohol dehydrogenase

The correct chain of events is:

a.   Ethanol -> Acetyl Coenzyme A -> Acetaldehyde
b.   Ethanol -> Acetaldehyde -> Acetyl Coenzyme A
c.   Acetyl Coenzyme A -> Ethanol -> Acetaldehyde
d.   Acetaldehyde -> Acetyl Coenzyme A -> Ethanol

"Proof" is considered to be _______.

a.   the percentage of ethanol
b.   one-half the percentage of ethanol
c.   double the percentage of ethanol
d.   four times the perentage of ethanol

The discrepancy in behavioral effects of blood-alcohol 
on the rising limb compared to the falling limb is most likely due to:

a.   dependence
b.   addiction
c.   tachysphlaxis
d.   excretion

A mechanism to prevent lethal effects of alcohol consumption is:

a.   vomiting
b.   passing out
c.   both a & b
d.   none of the above

The drug RO15-4513 is NOT able to do which of the following

a.   prevent lethal effect
b.   block hyperpolarization
c.   prevent behavioral effects
d.   none of the above

A "hangover" is most likely due to:

a.   build-up of acetylaldehyde
b.   build-up of Acetyl Coenzyme A
c.   build-up of Acetaldehyde
d.   inability to metabolize alcohol in the liver

A sympathomimetic effect includes:

a.   dilation of pupils
b.   increase in blood pressure
c.   increase in heart rate
d.   all of the above

Which of the following is NOT true of infantile autism?

a.   more likely in males
b.   discovered in 1943
c.   has an incidence rate of 1/100,000
d.   symptoms are generally noticeable in the first 30 months

An analogue of PCP is _______.

a.   belladona alkaloid
b.   ketalar
c.   amphetamine
d.   caffeine

Schizophrenia is found in approximately ___ of the human population.

a.   5%
b.   2%
c.   0.5%
d.   8%

A side effect of tartive dyskinesia is _____.

a.   succeptibility to viral infection
b.   deterioration of the blood brain barrier
c.   agranulocytosis
d.   both a & c

The effects of antipyschotics are evident in _____.

a.   2-3 hours
b.   2-3 days
c.   2-3 weeks
d.   2-3 months

The following areas of the brain are associated with reinforcement:

a.   Nucleus Accumbens
b.   Ventral Tegmental Area
c.   Medial Preoptic Area
d.   all of the above

The excretion of lithium is dependent on which of the
following ions?

a.   potassium
b.   sodium
c.   chlorine
d.   ammonium

The best cure for the deletirious effects of alcohol consumption is:

a.   caffeine
b.   a cold shower
c.   time
d.   more alcohol

All of the following have effects on an autistic infant except:

a.   Lithium
b.   LSD
c.   L-dopa
d.   naltrexone

All of the following have effects on an autistic infant except:

a.   Lithium
b.   LSD
c.   L-dopa
d.   naltrexone

Effective treatment for mental retardation includes:

a.   sedative-hypnotics
b.   anxiolytics
c.   anticonvulsants
d.   none of the above

All are symptoms for Parkinson's disease except:

a.   tremors
b.   slowness of movement
c.   myscular rigidity
d.   high blood pressure

All are true of L-dopa except:

a.   can cross BBB
b.   cannot cross BBB
c.   effective in 80% of Parkinson's disease patients
d.   precursor to dopamine

Characteristics of a Gran Mal seizure include:

a.   periods of blank stares
b.   loss of consciousness
c.   rapid eye blinking
d.   twitching movements

All ways around restructed efficacy of L-dopa except:

a.   bromocriptine
b.   selegiline
c.   anticholinergics
d.   none of the above

Example of involuntary motor tics:

a.   fingers
b.   head
c.   limbs
d.   two of the above

Example of involuntary verbal tics:

a.   grunts
b.   words/phrases
c.   sounds
d.   all of the above

Other diseases associated with Tourette's syndrome:

a.   OCD
b.   autism
c.   schizophrenia
d.   none of the above

Possible causes of epilepsy include all of eth following except:

a.   reduction in GABA levels
b.   head injury
c.   stroke
d.   allergies

An aura is:

a.   a natural high
b.   a tipoff that something is about to happen
c.   postseizure amnesia
d.   an allergy

Drugs to treat Petit Mal seizure:

a.   clonazepam
b.   phenytoin
c.   primidine
d.   carbamazepine

Common diseases of eth elderly except:

a.   Alzheimer's
b.   Parkinson's
c.   schizophrenia
d.   depression

What dosage is recommended for geriatrics:

a.   1/5
b.   1/3
c.   1/4
d.   1

Alteration of pharmacokinetics in old age due to:

a.   increased body fat
b.   decreased body fat
c.   increased plasma protiens
d.   two of the above

Effective psychostimulants associated with ADD include:

a.   caffeine
b.   MAO inhibitors
c.   ritalin
d.   none of the above

Other names for Attention Deficit Disorder:

a.   Hyperactivity
b.   MInimal Brain Dysfunction
c.   Hyperkinetic Syndrome
d.   all of the above

Characterstics of ADD include all but:

a.   over arousal
b.   extreme aggressiveness
c.   little evidence of fear
d.   rapid mood swings

Alternatives to Lithium:

a.   Sedative hypnotics
b.   antipsychotics
c.   stimulants
d.   none of the above

Lithium is first choice for:

a.   Depression
b.   Autism
c.   Schizophrenia
d.   Bipolar disorder

Lithium is first choice for:

a.   Depression
b.   Autism
c.   Schizophrenia
d.   Bipolar disorder

Side effects of antipsychotics include:

a.   weight loss
b.   decrease in sex drive
c.   uncontrollable salivation
d.   incontinence

Approximately how many carcinogens are found in the deadly drug nicotine?

a.   400
b.   40
c.   4
d.   4000

Which drug can be used to treat eating disorders?

a.   imipramine
b.   prozac
c.   L-DOPA
d.   Xanax

Which is not a characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?

a.   Mild to moderate mental retardation
b.   large head circumference
c.   cardiac irregularities
d.   hyperactive behavior as a child

Which of the following are weak alkaloids?

a.   heroin
b.   morphine
c.   cocaine
d.   both a & b

Which is not a criteria in the defining a narcotic?

a.   sedative-hypnotic/analgesic properties
b.   acts stereospecifically on endorphin/enkephalin receptors
c.   antagonized by Narcan
d.   all are criteria

a.
b.
c.
d.

Which is not a distinct opiod receptor?

a.   mu
b.   alpha
c.   delta
d.   kappa

Which is not a treatment of opiate dependency?

a.   Clonidine
b.   Buprenex
c.   ion trapping
d.   Methadone Maintenance

Both Cannabinoids and Anticholinergics exhibit...

a.   dry mouth
b.   decreased sweating
c.   glaucoma, decreased pressure within the eyeball
d.   all of the above

Alcohol exhibits

a.   no behavioral effects
b.   first-order kinetics
c.   no tolerance
d.   zero-order kinetics

alcohol is

a.   fat soluble
b.   highly water soluble
c.   readily crosses BBB
d.   both b & c

distillation

a.   is the interaction of yeast and sugar in grains (beer)
b.   is the interaction of yeast and sugar in fruits (wine)
c.   a purification process for water only
d.   none of the above

distillation is

a.   is the interaction of yeast and sugar in grains (beer)
b.   is the interaction of yeast and sugar in fruits (wine)
c.   a purification process for water only
d.   none of the above

alcohol is

a.   fat soluble
b.   highly water soluble
c.   readily crosses the BBB
d.   both b& c

chronic affects of alcohol

a.   abstract reasoning ability
b.   inability to shift cognitive and attentional sets
c.   cerebral atrophy and organ atrophy
d.   allo of the above

results of liver transplants in alcoholics:

a.   improved memory capacity
b.   Korsakoff's Syndrome
c.   improved perceptual, visual, and psychomotor ability
d.   all of the above

In the metabolism of alcohol

a.   acetyl coenzyme A preceeds acetaldehyde
b.   alcohol dehydrogenase is in the small intestine
c.   aldehyde dehydrogenase breaks down acetaldehyde into acetyl coenzyme A
d.   carbon dioxide is not pat of the citric acid cycle

alcohol hepatitis

a.   results in increased urination
b.   is characterized by cellular death and organ inflammation
c.   is a lung disease
d.   is characterized by yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes

chronic effects of alcohol in men results in

a.   neuropathy
b.   hypergonadism
c.   estrogen stimulation
d.   hypogonadism

Tolerance and dependence to alcohol

a.   is due to behavioral compensation
b.   down regulation to GABA A
c.   up regulation of NMDA
d.   all of the above

Benefecial effects of alcohol

a.   occurs in amounts greater than 2 ounces
b.   occurs in combination with another sedative hypnotic
c.   are possibly due to alcohols ability to stimualte production of the enzyme t-PA
d.   are due to RO15-4513 's hyperpolarizing effects

benzodiazepines

a.   are minor tranquilizers because they have minor effects
b.   action is blocked by Librium
c.   has a low therapeutic index
d.   receptors facilitate activity of GABA agionist

The pharmacodynamic of caffeine

a.   antagonism of central adenosine receptors results in increase firing rate
b.   cortical neurons on the locus coerulus
c.   may be mediated by NE
d.   all of the above

With caffeine dose effects

a.   tolerance does not develop
b.   extroverts show dose dependent improvements in performance
c.   introverts have no reaction
d.   both b & c

the pharmacodynamics of

a.   amphetamine is contingent upon catecholamine reuptake inhibition
b.   amphetamine is contingent on Na
c.   cocaine is contingent on monoamine reuptake inhibition
d.   both a & c

Nicotine

a.   effects are snow lights and formication
b.   gum relieves dependency
c.   has sympathomimetic effects
d.   decreases intracellular Ca levels

The three types of opiod receptors are:

a.   delta, sigma, theta
b.   alpha, kappa, alpha
c.   mu, delta, kappa
d.   mu, theta, beta

Mu receptors have an affinity for_________, delta receptors are primarily located 
_______, Kappa receptors have a high affinity for _________.

a.   pain, medulla, delta receptors
b.   heroin, spinal cord, endorphins,
c.   morphine, spinal cord, dynorphins
d.   morphine, spinal cord, enkephalins

Opiod receptors act through secondary messengers to

a.   inhibit proteases
b.   inhibit adenylate cyclase and c-AMP
c.   inhibit NE
d.   none of the above

Opiod pharmacodynamic

a.   receptors act through G-protein secondary messenger systems to inhibit adenylate cyclase and c-AMP
b.   presynaptically inhibits Ca
c.   postsynaptically hyperpolarizes the membrane
d.   all of the above

if you have a patient who is tolerant to morphine you should

a.   continue using morphine at lower doses
b.   continue using morphine at higher doses
c.   switch to a drug with an affinity for delta receptors
d.   switch to a drug with an affinity for mu receptors

Treatment for opiate dependence include

a.   methadone maintenance and LAAM
b.   Buprenex
c.   both a & b
d.   none of the above

"Maturing Out" means

a.   I am about to graduate from college
b.   getting old
c.   becomin abstinent without treatment
d.   becoming abstinent from sex

Monoamine related drugs

a.   share a basic similarity with DA, NE
b.   are nonexistant
c.   has no subjective effects
d.   none of the above

The DA hypothesis is supported by

a.   evidence that DA antagonist improve Sz symptoms
b.   DA agonist worsen Sz symptoms
c.   increased levels of D2 receptors in the basal ganglia
d.   all of the above

Other neurotransmitter systems that may be involved in the DA 
hypothesis

a.   serotonin which may play an inhibitory role in DA activity and Epinephrine
b.   serotonin which my play an excitatory role in DA activity and NE
c.   serotonin which may play an inhibitory role in DA activity and NE
d.   all of the above

A psychologically based treatment for alcoholics that research has 
suggested to be helpful is which of the following?

a.   educational lectures/films.
b.   anxiety and stress management.
c.   confrontational counseling.
d.   individual psychotherapy.

The leading cause of mental retardation in the U.S is:

a.   heavy narcotic use.
b.   Tourrette's Syndrome.
c.   Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
d.   Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Barbiturates have been used in the treatment of:

a.   anxiety-related symptoms
b.   anticonvulsants
c.   sleep aids
d.   all of the above

Tardive dyskinesia:

a.   is impaired thinking such as difficultly understanding and using abstract concepts.
b.   side effect of prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs.
c.   type of brain damage caused by a thiamine defiency.
d.   none of the above.

Only a drug with which of the following qualitiy or qualities 
can be appropiately classified as a narcotic?