Physiological Psychology

Which is the most frequently used drug?

a.   Opiates
b.   Caffeine
c.   Alcohol
d.   Marijuana

Which area of the brain is responsible for breathing and vital life signs?

a.   brainstem
b.   temporal lobe
c.   occipital lobe
d.   thalamus

The subdivision of the Nervous System that controls the "fight or flight" response is the:

a.   Sympathetic Nervous System
b.   Parasympathetic Nervous System
c.   Somatic Nervous System
d.   Both a & b

Korsakoff's Syndrome is the deficiency of:

a.   Vitamin K
b.   Vitamin C
c.   Vitamin B
d.   Vitamin E

Which is NOT a function of the Glia cells?

a.   transportation
b.   insulation
c.   phagocytosis
d.   myelination

What is glucoses primary agent in crossing the blood brain barrier?

a.   oxygen
b.   potassium
c.   thiamine
d.   both a and b

The disease of Multiple Sclerosis effects the nervous system by breaking down what?

a.   protiens
b.   myelin sheath
c.   cathecholamines
d.   calcium

What effects are rapid and short lived?

a.   2nd messengers
b.   metabolic
c.   ionotrophic
d.   b and c

What is the most widely abused drug?

a.   LSD
b.   Marijuana
c.   Ritalin
d.   Alcohol

Which part of the cell is the intracellular digestive system?

a.   golgi bodies
b.   lysosomes
c.   microfilaments
d.   nucleus

Which is NOT a type of neuron?

a.   sensory
b.   motor
c.   interneuron
d.   outerneuron

Which force(s) cause Na+ to move into the cell?

a.   osmotic pressure
b.   electrostatic pressure
c.   both a and b
d.   none of the above

Which structure secretes releasing hormones?

a.   hypothalamus
b.   pituitary gland
c.   pancreas
d.   thyroid

Which is NOT a cranial nerve?

a.   olfactory
b.   vagus
c.   trigeminal
d.   all are cranial nerves

Which is the most widely used drug?

a.   alcohol
b.   caffeine
c.   marijuana
d.   cocaine

Which of the following is an example of a catecholamine?

a.   epinephrine
b.   dopamine
c.   norepinephrine
d.   All of the above

Which of the following structures is NOT located in the midbrain?

a.   tegmentum
b.   superior colliculus
c.   hypothalamus
d.   substantia nigra

Which cranial nerve is responsible for movements of the shoulders and head?

a.   hypoglossal
b.   accessory
c.   vagus
d.   trigeminal

What are the bulges in the cerebral cortex called?

a.   gyri
b.   sulci
c.   fissure
d.   None of the above

What cell structure provides energy and requires fuel and oxygen to function?

a.   Nucleus
b.   Ribosomes
c.   Neuron
d.   Mitochondria

What is true of glia and neurons?

a.   Glia do not transmit information over long distances as neurons do.
b.   Neurons and Glia transmit information over the same distance.
c.   Glia and Neurons are relatively the same size
d.   Glia occupy the same total space as a neuron.

What does not occur at a synapse?

a.   Neurons sythesize neurotransmitters adn transports them to the axon terminal.
b.   An action potential travels up the axon.
c.   As calcium enters the cell, the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.
d.   Some neurotransmitter molecules are taken back into the presynaptic cell

Which have metabotropic effects and act by second messengers?

a.   Neurotransmitters
b.   Receptors
c.   Neuromodulators
d.   Presynaptic Terminals

Organizational hormones effects....

a.   Are only temporary
b.   Occur early in life
c.   Are permanent
d.   Both B and C are correct

The actual master gland of the body is...

a.   The posterior pituitary
b.   The thalmus
c.   The anterior pituitary
d.   The hypothalamus

Where can the autoreceptor be found?

a.   On the postsynaptic synapse
b.   On the presnaptic synapse
c.   On the cell body
d.   None of the above

During the relative refactory period...

a.   More stimulation is needed to crate an action potential
b.   No action potential can occur
c.   The potassium channels remain open
d.   A and C are correct

Where in the neuron does the action potential begin at?

a.   Cell body
b.   Dendrite
c.   Axon hilock
d.   Axon

What two parts of the brain work together to form the diencephalon?

a.   the hippocampus and the fornix
b.   the hippocamus and the amygalda
c.   the thalmus and the hypothalamus
d.   the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

What object links the hippocampus with the hypothalamus?

a.   fornix
b.   meninges
c.   nucleus basalis
d.   ventricles

How many layers does the cerebral cortex consist of?

a.   2
b.   10
c.   3
d.   6

Whichs is not a type of neurotransmitter?

a.   amino acid
b.   purine
c.   acetylcholine
d.   ionotropic

Which of the following best describes the functional explanation of a song birds' behavior?

a.   A bird devolps the ability to sing due to the influence of testosterone.
b.   A bird sings because it enhances his chances of mating.
c.    A specific species of bird sing s similarly to a differnent type of bird species, therefore they evolved from a common ancestor.
d.   A birds sings because he posesses the genes that allow him to learn the song and hear it at a crucial point in his life.

Which of the follwing is NOT a misunderstanding of Evolution?

a.   Lamarckian Evolution
b.   Humans have stopped evolving
c.    Evolution inproves the fitness of the population
d.   A gene that benefits an individual will always benefit the species as a whole.

An action potenial in the post-synaptic cell will not occur unless

a.   an EPSP is created.
b.   depolariztion occurs.
c.   the threshold potential is reached.
d.   all of the above are correct.

If two rapid discharges of a single pre-synaptic neuron occur together producing an IPSP, what has occurred?

a.   Temporal summation
b.   Spacial summation
c.   Inhibition
d.   A and C are correct.

At the peak of an aciton potential, depolariztion of a neuron stops as a result of

a.   inactivation of the Na+ gated-channels
b.   activation of the k+ gated-channels
c.   closing of k+ gated channels
d.   A and B are correct.

What is the period of time in which a neuron is totally insensitive to stimulation?

a.   relative refractory period
b.   absolute refractory period
c.   resting period
d.   both a and b

What do glia cells produce?

a.   myelin
b.   dendrites
c.   axons
d.   all of the above

Which is not a stimulant?

a.   ritalin
b.   caffeine
c.   marijuana
d.   tobacco

What is the innermost layer of meninges?

a.   arachnoid
b.   dura mater
c.   pia mater
d.   both a and c

Which cranial nerve controls smell?

a.   optic
b.   trigeminal
c.   facial
d.   olfactory

Adrenaline closely mimics the effect of what?

a.   parasympathetic nervous system
b.   spatial summation
c.   sympathetic nervous system
d.   a and c

Which of the following is NOT considered a specialty of an M.D. in the field of Physiological Psychology:

a.   Psychiatrist
b.   Neurologist
c.   Psychophysiologist
d.   Neuroscientist

Which structure within the cell's cytoplasm is analogous to the "packing agent"?

a.   mitochondria
b.   golgi bodies
c.   endoplasmic reticulum
d.   lysosomes

The resting potential is a result of which forces?

a.   osmotic pressure
b.   electrostatic pressure
c.   partial pressure
d.   both a and b

The resting potential is a result of which forces?

a.   osmotic pressure
b.   electrostatic pressure
c.   partial pressure
d.   both a and b

Graded potentials are also known as:

a.   scaled potentials
b.   stair-step potentials
c.   point-drop potentials
d.   generator potentials

The four major types of neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels are:

a.   Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca++
b.   K+, Cl-, C+, and Ca++
c.   Na+, K+, C-, and Ca++
d.   none of the above

What are two plausible explanations for the spread of altruistic genes?

a.   reciprocal altruism and Lamarckian evolution
b.   Lamarckian evolution and artificial selection
c.   kin selection and reciprocal altruism
d.   kinship and reciprocal altruism

The dog barks because it inherited genes which promote the behavior and because it has observed its mother bark. 
This statement is a possible _________ explanation for the dog's barking.

a.   ontogenetic
b.   physiological
c.   evolutionary
d.   functional

The parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter; the sympathetic postanglionic neurons use ______.

a.   norepinephrine; epinephrine
b.   epinephrine; acetylcholine
c.   acetylcholine; norepinephrine
d.   norephinephrine; acetylcholine

Which of the following drugs mimcs alcohol at low doses and causes schizophrenia-like symptoms at higher doses?

a.   marijuana
b.   opiates
c.   PCP
d.   amphetamine

Which of these is not a reason for use of animals in research?

a.   It is more cost effective.
b.   It is easier to identify underlying mechanisms.
c.   It sheds light on human evolution.
d.   It shows exaggerated functions and or precesses.

The olfactory cranial nerve is involved with what?

a.   motor.
b.   sensory.
c.   spatial.
d.   Both a & b.

Which layer is the innermost of the brain's protective layers?

a.   dura mater.
b.   arachnoid.
c.   pia mater.
d.   Both b & c.

Which of these is not secreted by the posterior pituitary?

a.   ADH (antidiuretic harmone)
b.   oxytocin
c.   GH ( growth harmone)
d.   Both a & c

Negative feedback most closely mimics a(n)?

a.   automobile's fuel supply
b.   manual watch winding down
c.   thermostat
d.   None of the above

Which type of glial cell is responsible for building the myelin sheath around the axons in the brain and the spinal cord?

a.   Radial glia
b.   Astrocyte
c.   Oligodendroglia
d.   Schwann Cell

Which type of glial cell is responsible for building the myelin sheath around the axons in the brain and the spinal cord?

a.   Radial glia
b.   Astrocyte
c.   Oligodendroglia
d.   Schwann Cell

The mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain is known as the _______ ?

a.   astrocytes
b.   electrical gradient
c.   blood brain barrier
d.   axon hillock

Sherrington's work with reflex arcs suggested that repeated stimuli occurring within a brief time can have a cumulative effect - he referred to this as ________ ?

a.   Postsynaptic neurons
b.   electrical gradients
c.   spatial summation
d.   temporal summation

Some neurotransmitters exert ionotropic effects on the postsynaptic neuron - what does this mean?

a.   This means that the n.t. attaches to a receptor on the membrane, almost immedicately opening the gates for some type of ion.
b.   This means amphetamine stimulates dopamine synapses by increasing the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal.
c.   both a &b
d.   neither a nor b

What is another name for PCP?

a.   reefer
b.   angel dust
c.   rock
d.   smack

What is the name for the part of the CNS that is found within the spinal colunm?

a.   dorsal root ganglia
b.   spinal cord
c.   pons
d.   tegmentum

Myelin produced by Oligodendroglia serve what function?

a.   It acts as the central nervous system's immune system.
b.   It regulates the temperature of the axon making temporal summation possible.
c.
d.

Myelin produced by the Oligodendroglia:

a.   Serves as the the cental nervous system's immune system.
b.   Regulates axon temperature making temporal summation possible.
c.   Speeds up the action potential.
d.   Supports the growth of Schwann cells.

What is a collection of axons in the central nervous system called?

a.   A nerve.
b.   A tract.
c.   A lumbar.
d.   All of the above.

Which of the following is not one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?

a.   Trigeminal
b.   Trochlear
c.   Coccygeal
d.   Statoacoustic

White matter in the brain is:

a.   Myelinated
b.   Unmyelinated
c.   Covered by the meninges
d.   Both a and c.

One way to prevent the spread of epilepsy is to:

a.   Sever the corpus collosum.
b.   Remove dorsal cerebellem.
c.   To block acetylcholine receptors with an antagonist.
d.   To decrease intake of vitamin B1.

                                                               EXAM II
                                                            FALL, 2000
 
 

NGF(nerve growth factor) does which of the following?

a.   promotes survival and growth of axons
b.   increases branching of incoming axons
c.   increases regrowth of damaged axons
d.   All of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps that take us from stimulus to perception?

a.   Reception
b.   Transduction
c.   Detection
d.   Coding

A Magnocellular Neuron has which of the following characteristic?

a.   large cell bodies
b.   located in or near fovea
c.   sensitive to brightness
d.   Both a & c.

When does a person have the greatest number of neurons?

a.   as an embryo
b.   as a newborn
c.   as a child
d.   as an adolescent

High frequency sounds...

a.   occur closer to the base
b.   occur closer to the apex
c.   vibrates at different points along basilar membrane
d.   Both b & c.

Collateral sprouting is a change in _____________.

a.   axons
b.   dendritic receptors
c.   both a & b
d.   none of the above

Denervation supersensitivity is a change in _____________.

a.   axons
b.   dendritic receptors
c.   both a & b
d.   none of the above

What does somatosensation consist of?

a.   helps distinguish the shape of an object
b.   senses position and movement of joints
c.   sensitive to hot or cold
d.   All of the above.

Which part of the eye is specialized for acute detailed vision?

a.   retina
b.   pupil
c.   cornea
d.   fovea

True or False: The eye is part of the brain.

a.   true
b.   false
c.
d.

How do neurotrophins effect brain development?

a.   they allow various axons to survive and grow in early development
b.   neurotrophins decrease the effects of tPA
c.   they decrease pain in response to NS injury &increase growth of damaged axons
d.   both a&c

Gangliosides...

a.   are known to cause fetal alcohol syndrome
b.   promtoe restoration of damaged brains
c.   are a class of glycolipids found in the fovea
d.   are known to cause a toxic rush of calcium into neurons

The idea that we perceive color in terms of paired opposites is known as

a.   The Opponent-Process theory
b.   Young-Helmholtz theory
c.   Optic Opponent theory
d.   all of the above

The visual paths referred to as the ventral stream...

a.   are known as the "what" pathway
b.   are located in the temporal cortex
c.   recognize and identify objects
d.   all of the above

a cause of brain damage is?

a.   ischemia
b.   apoptosis
c.   hemorrhage
d.   a and c

What is a cause of conductive deafness?

a.   repeated exposure to loud noise
b.   heredity
c.   tumorous bone growth near the middle ear
d.   none of the above

what hormone is helpful in women with frontal cortex brain damage?

a.   estrogen
b.   progesterone
c.   apomorphine
d.   nimodipine

where is the emotion of pain indicated?

a.   corpus callosum
b.   pons
c.   precentral gyrus
d.   cingulate cortex

the area that directly surrounds a damaged?

a.   edema
b.   penumbra
c.   ganglioside
d.   migration

visual photoreceptors are

a.   balls
b.   rods
c.   cones
d.   b and c

Where do horizontal cells form synapses at?

a.   Amacrine cells
b.   Ganglion cells
c.   Polar cells
d.   Photoreceptors

How do humans localize sounds?

a.   Sound intensity difference
b.   Phase and time of arrival
c.   Using only one ear
d.   A and B are correct

What is the head size of the embyro at 8 weeks?

a.   1/3 the total size
b.   1/2 the total size
c.   1/4 total size
d.   2/3 the total size

Selective cell death is called what?

a.   Differentation
b.   Proliferation
c.   Apoptosis
d.   Nerve Growth Factor

Neurons use what to find their target area?

a.   Electrical messages
b.   Chemical affinity
c.   Mechanical messages
d.   All of the above

For a stroke patient, which of the following procedures would NOT help preserve neurons

a.   removing blood clot
b.   stimulating inhibitory synapses
c.   stimulating excitatory synapses
d.   blocking the flow of calcium and zinc

People who have a damaged trmoral cortex but an intact parietal cortex,

a.   have damage to the ventral stream
b.   can't describe object size, shape, or location, but can accurately reach out and pick up the object
c.   can describe what they see, but can't convert their vision into action
d.   have no receptors in their retina

The ability to recognize the color of an object even if lighting changes is

a.   shape constancy
b.   color constancy
c.   prosopagnosia
d.   projected to the middle temporal cortex (MT)

At low frequencies of sound,

a.   the frequency of impulses identifies the pitch
b.   the number of firing cells identifies the loudness
c.   the basilar membrane vibrates out of synchrony with sound waves
d.   both a & b

Which of the following is NOT true of substance P?

a.   it is a neuromodulator
b.   it blocks opiate receptors
c.   is released with the injection of capsaicin
d.   both a & c

A chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons is a/an:

a.   enzyme
b.   apomorphine
c.   neurotrophin
d.   diaschisis

After damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a monkey, at 1 year old the brain is ________ and at 2 years old the brain is _______.

a.   seemingly normal; no change
b.   seemingly normal; impaired
c.   impaired; seemingly normal
d.   impaired; worse

There are about _______ rods and _______ cones in the human retina.

a.   100 million; 100 million
b.   4 million; 4 million
c.   100 million; 4 million
d.   4 million; 100 million

In audition, if the physiological stimulus is frequency, then what is the psychological perception?

a.   Pitch
b.   Loudness
c.   Timbre
d.   None of the above

In regards to vision, which of the following statements are true?

a.   all cells within a column share the same preference for stimuli at a given orientation within the visual field
b.   Bipolar cells excite other bipolar cells around them
c.   Horizontal cells inhibit bipolar cells
d.   all of the above

Which does not include a risk of children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy?

a.   Low weight at birth and many illnesses early in life
b.   sudden infant death syndrome
c.   loss of appetite
d.   impariments of the immune system

Which of the following are NOT histological procedures?

a.   perfusion
b.   fixation
c.   removal
d.   sectioning and staining

Which does not make up the vestibular organ?

a.   semicircular canals
b.   saccule
c.   ganglioside
d.   utricle

The rationale of lesioning is:

a.   To dissect certain parts of the brain
b.   to determine function of brain areas
c.   to isolate a functional area of the brain
d.   to cut out bad parts of the brain

In what week during fetal development are there rudimentary body organs?

a.   8th
b.   7th
c.   9th
d.   11th

What measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity

a.   MEG
b.   PET
c.   MIT
d.   CAT

What is the name for selective cell death?

a.   necrosis
b.   lyosis
c.   phagocytosis
d.   apoptosis

Growing axons manage to find their way close to the right locations by following what?

a.   Electrical gradients
b.   chemical gradients
c.   a and b
d.   osmosis

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 main types of cells involved in color vision?

a.   +R-G
b.   +B-B
c.   +G-R
d.   +B-Y

What is a characteristic of peripheral vision?

a.   used for distinguishing among bright light
b.   detail vision is good
c.   includes many cones
d.   includes a large proportion of rods

What determines how widely each axon spreads its branches on its target?

a.   electrical gradient
b.   neurotrophins
c.   endomorphins
d.   body temperature

The process by which a cell lacked of propper connections with a postsynaptic cell dies is called

a.   necrosis
b.   defenestration
c.   apoptosis
d.   apocalypsis

what is "ischemia"?

a.   mental illnes that provoques neurotical attitudes
b.   most common cerebrovascular accident
c.   exposure of relations between main concepts of a given subject
d.   death of a neuron caused by the lack of Na

The term which refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged is called

a.   diaspora
b.   diaschisis
c.   dialisis
d.   descension

why the use of drugs that block apoptosis is unviable for humans?

a.   because they do not cross the blood brain barrier
b.   because they are extremely expensive
c.   because just people under 20 years old tolerate it
d.   both b and c

Which of the following cones are fewest in number?

a.   red
b.   green
c.   blue
d.   yellow

Which of these pairings of audition versus vision is incorrect?

a.   hue & color
b.   brightness & loudness
c.   saturation & timbre
d.   opacity & tonality

What is the stirrup capable of that makes it so unique?

a.   transmitting sound over fairly large distances
b.   exerting a significant amount of pressure per area
c.   allowing the ear to filter out noise above a certain decibel range
d.   enabling the ear to determine the bodies orientation

The analogy presented in class concerning the complementary theory was?

a.   dominoes in an elaborate row
b.   customers waiting in line for concert tickets
c.   three rows of soldiers shooting in vollys
d.   Doc Brown's pet feeding device in Back to the Future

The Organ of Corti contains hair cells in what ratio (outer:inner)?

a.   2:1
b.   3:1
c.   4:1
d.   5:1

Conductive deafness occurs where?

a.   damaged hair cells
b.   tectorial membrane
c.   bones of middle ear
d.   basilar membrane

Primary auditory cortex is located where?

a.   inferior colliculus
b.   temproal lobe
c.   cerebellum
d.   lateral ventricles

Which layer of cells does light enter into first?

a.   ganglion cells
b.   axons from ganglion cells
c.   bipolar cells
d.   receptor cells

Which match is not correct for color and tone?

a.   hue=pitch
b.   brightness=loudness
c.   saturation=timbre
d.   brightness=pitch

All of the following are true regaurding the skin EXCEPT...

a.   the subcutaneous fat is the thickest layer
b.   it serves as a protective layer
c.   it is a thermoregulator
d.   the dermis is the middle layer

Which of these is not a side effect of smoking while pregnant?

a.   Low birth weight.
b.   Impairments of the immune system.
c.   Increased chance of substance abuse.
d.   Delinquency and crime later in life.

Birds of prey have developed a greater density of visual receptors 
in the _____ part of the eye where as their prey have developed the 
greater number of visual receptors in the _____ part of the eye.

a.   Bottom; bottom
b.   Bottom; top
c.   Top; top
d.   Top; bottom

The blind spot iscreated by____.

a.   the optic nerve
b.   a lack of visual receptors
c.   damage to the eye
d.   a & c

Parvo cellular Neurons are ____ Magnocellular Neurons.

a.   the same size as
b.   the same as
c.   larger than
d.   smaller than

The dorsal stream is known as the ____ and the ventral stream is 
known as the____.

a.   "where" pathway; "what" pathway
b.   "what" pathway; "how" pathway
c.   "how" pathway; "where" pathway
d.   "who" pathway; "when" pathway

Which of the following stages does not exist in the development of neurons?

a.   proliferation
b.   differentiation
c.   termination
d.   myelination

The development of each brain area depends on which factor(s)?

a.   the rate of production of new neurons per day.
b.   the number of days that the process continues.
c.   Both a and b
d.   none of the above

The long wavelength cone responds well to which color?

a.   red
b.   blue
c.   green
d.   purple

Of the following statements pertaining to rods in the retina, which one is not true?

a.   Rods are very sensitive to light
b.   Rods are inside the fovea.
c.   Rods can not transduce color.
d.   There are 120 million rods in the retina.

The conversion of physical energy by a receptor into an electrochemical pattern in the neuron is known as:

a.   reception
b.   coding
c.   transduction
d.   none of the above

Local depolarization or hyperpolarization of a receptor membrane is called

a.   receptor potential
b.   coding
c.   resting potential
d.   threshold

What does tPA mean?

a.   tenso-plaxtor apposit, used in PET scan
b.   tiroideoparetal aparatus, controls secretion of linfa
c.   tissue projection ampliation, mean of brain imaging
d.   tissue plaminogen activator, minimizes ischemia effects on penumbra neurons

Following the Principle of Neuron Darwinism, most - axons and combinations - . The others - to sustain active synapses.

a.   active/ die/ afford
b.   unactive/ survive/ succeed
c.   pretty/ get married/ stay single
d.   succesful/ survive/ fail

When does de Central Nervous System begin to form in humans?

a.   2 days
b.   2 weeks
c.   6 weeks
d.   2 years

When does de Central Nervous System begin to form in humans?

a.   2 days
b.   2 weeks
c.   6 weeks
d.   2 years

The four major stages of neurons' development are:

a.   Proliferation, Inmigration, Dieresis, Recovration
b.   Profiterolation, Migration, Differentation, Miscelanization
c.   Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation, Myelinization
d.   Distinction, Action, Reduction, Digression

If a person suffers brain damage, where should amphetamine be directed?

a.   the cells that were damaged
b.
c.   the cells that had been receiving input from the damaged cells
d.   both a and c

If a person suffers brain damage, where should amphetamine be directed?

a.   the cells that were damaged
b.   all surviving brain cells
c.   the cells that had been receiving input from the damaged cells
d.   both a and c

Collateral sprouting is a change in _________.

a.   axons
b.   dendritic receptors
c.   cell bodies
d.   somas

Damaged axons regrow better in ______.

a.   younger individuals
b.   older individuals
c.   both a and b
d.   neither a or b--damaged axons never regrow

The area that surrounds the immediate damage is called_______.

a.   the penumbra
b.   the ischemia
c.   cerebrovascular area
d.   none of the above

Which of the following happens as the result of a stroke?

a.   Edema forms
b.   glia cells dump stored neurotransmitters
c.   both a and b
d.   neither a nor b

Which of the following is not a stage of the development of neurons:

a.   proliferation
b.   separation
c.   migration
d.   differentiation

Which of the following does NOT help to decide which neurons survive?

a.   NGF
b.   neurotropins
c.   BDNF
d.   NSF

A temporary loss of normal blood flow to a brain area becuase of a blocked artery is known as:

a.   a stroke
b.   cerebrovascular accident
c.   ischemia
d.   a hemorrhage

The law of specific nerve energies states that:

a.   the frequency of one specific nerve always remain the same
b.   any activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same kind of information to the brain
c.   all nerves send graded potentials
d.   energy is converted from physical energy to an electrochemical pattern in nuerons

Bipolar cells send their messages to

a.   horizontal cells
b.   receptors
c.   Amacrine cells
d.   ganglion cells

Which of the following best describes the main route of visual information in the retina?

a.   receptor - -> horizontal cell - -> amacrine cell
b.   receptor - -> ganglion cell - -> amacrine cell
c.   receptor - -> ganglion cell - -> bipolar cell
d.   receptor - -> bipolar cell - -> ganglion cell

Lateral inhibition

a.   ordinarily heightens contrast at borders
b.   increases sensitivity to dim light
c.   interferes with processing of color information
d.   ordinarily decreases contrast at borders

What is the auditory receptor?

a.   hammer
b.   hair cells
c.   temporal cortex
d.   cochlea

What is the most basic sense, from which all the other senses can be derived?

a.   pain
b.   audition
c.   touch
d.   vision

Each taste bud contains about:

a.   10 receptor cells
b.   25 receptor cells
c.   50 receptor cells
d.   100 receptor cells

Which of the following is NOT a non-invasive technique of visualizing the brain?

a.   MRI
b.   PET Scan
c.   Stereotaxic Surgery
d.   CT Scan

Which cell structure grows as a neuron migrates to its final destination?

a.   Dendrite
b.   Axon
c.   Cell body
d.   Synapse

When is the human brain most vulnerable to organizational damage?

a.   Infancy
b.   Adolescence
c.   Adulthood
d.   Old age

What happens to the sodium channels in the photoreceptors when light strikes them?

a.   They open
b.   They close
c.   Nothing
d.   None of the above

Which is an example of labelled-line coding?

a.   Long-wavelength cones responding to various wavelengths, but maximally sensitive to a specific wavelength.
b.   Olfactory receptors that respond to several odors, but most strongly to a specific odor.
c.   Hair cells in the ear that cause groups of neurons to fire sequentially in order to hear a pitch.
d.   Taste receptors that respond specifically to sour chemicals.

Parvocellular neurons are ______, they are located ________, and
they respond best to ______.

a.   larger; in and near fovea; detail/stationary objects
b.   smaller; throughout the retina; movement
c.   smaller; in and near fovea; detail/stationary objects
d.   larger; in and near fovea; detail/stationary objects

What is the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons called?

a.   cross-adaptation
b.   denervation supersensitivity
c.   lateral inhibition
d.   depolarization

                                                         EXAM III

Which of the following is NOT true of the cerebellum?

a.   It is important for learned motor responses.
b.   Damage to it typically produces trouble with slow, general movements.
c.   It mimics intoxication.
d.   It is sometimes referred to as "little brain."

Which structure is NOT part of the basal ganglia?

a.   parallel fibers
b.   putamen
c.   caudate nucleus
d.   globus pallidus

What is an endogenous cycle that occurs when no stimuli intervene to reset or alter it?

a.   biological clock
b.   zeitgeber
c.   seasonal change
d.   free-running rhythm

Which structure exerts main control over circadian rhythms for sleep and temperature?

a.   reticular formation
b.   the suprachiasmatic nucleus
c.   basal forebrain
d.   pontomesencephalon

Which of the following is NOT a type of insomnia?

a.   termination insomnia
b.   onset insomnia
c.   maintenance insomnia
d.   cyclical insomnia

What is an example of a propioreceptor?

a.   muscle spindle
b.   Meissner's corpuscle
c.   golgi tendon organ
d.   both a and c

The purkinje cells are:

a.   very flat cells in sequential planes
b.   axons parallel to one another
c.   cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum
d.   none of the above

The rhythm that occurs when no stimuli intervene to reset or alter is the:

a.   endogenous circanual rhythm
b.   endogenous circadian rhythm
c.   biological clock
d.   free-running rhythm

Melatonin is a hormone released by the:

a.   pituitary
b.   pineal gland
c.   thalamus
d.   hippocampus

Sleep apnea is:

a.   the inability to fall aspleep
b.   the inability to stay asleep
c.   the inability to breath while sleeping
d.   the inability to wake up

Which of the following statements is NOT true

a.   motor cortex sends axons to the afferent neurons in the muscles.
b.   stimulation of motor cortex can elicit movements
c.   motor cortex is in charge of general movements
d.   primary motor cortex is located just anterior to the central sulcus.

Another name for the dorsolateral track is

a.   Peripherial track
b.   Postcentral track
c.   Pyramidal track
d.   Psycotic track

Which area of the brain is not involved directly in movement?

a.   frontal
b.   occipital
c.   parietal
d.   both a and c

Which area of the brain is not involved directly in movement?

a.   frontal
b.   occipital
c.   parietal
d.   both a and c

Saccades:

a.   are ballistic eye movements from one fixation point to another
b.   are cerebellum glia cells that improve vision
c.   is an area perpendicular to the central gyrus
d.   is a reflex mechanism manifested when a bright light is presented no a newly born.

A way to value damage in the cerebellum may be

a.   Hitting the knee with a hammer in order to measure reaction speed
b.   Raichzmer's scale
c.   estimulating pupils and measuring contraction speed
d.   .finger-to-nose test

What structure is most critical in maintaining temperature?

a.   Anterior hypothalmus
b.   Preotic area
c.   Posterior hypothalmus
d.   Pituitary gland

Which area is PRINCIPALLY responsible in detecting osmotic thirst?

a.   Stomach
b.   Duodenum
c.   Lateral preoptic area
d.   OVLT

When is REM sleep dominate?

a.   during the first third of sleep
b.   during the first half of sleep
c.   during the last third of sleep
d.   during the last half of sleep

What prevents us from tearing a muscle when a severe strech occurs?

a.   Golgi tendon organ
b.   Muscle spindle
c.   Reflex
d.   Ligament

Testosterone is responsible for what?

a.   Inducing Mullerian Ducts
b.   Inducing Wolfian Ducts
c.   Sexual Development
d.   B and C are Correct

Which sleep cycle is less than 24hrs?

a.   Circadian
b.   Ultradian
c.   Infradian
d.   Circannual

Which of these is not in the theory of the functions of sleep?

a.   repair
b.   restoration
c.   relaxation
d.   evolution

Which stage of sleep is responsible for spindles and K-complexes

a.   First
b.   Second
c.   Third
d.   Fourth

Which is not part of the hypersomnia narcolepsy triad?

a.   EDS
b.   cataplexy
c.   sleep paralysis
d.   respiratory paralysis

Which is an advantage for Ectotherms

a.   complex system
b.   simple system
c.   greater tolerance for temperature changes
d.   b & c

Moving a leg or arm in two directions requires opposing sets of miscles, called ___________.

a.   antagonistic muscles
b.   progressive muscles
c.   opposite muscles
d.   none of the above

Which is caused by the gradual progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigra and amygdala?

a.   myasthenia gravis
b.   Parkinson's Disease
c.   Huntington's Disease
d.   all of the above

Which is a type of vertebrate muscle?

a.   smooth
b.   cardiac
c.   skeletal
d.   all of the above

What is a name for the internal mechanism that underlies an animals circadian rhythm controlling a behavior that recurs on a regular schedule?

a.   the zeitgeber
b.   the biological clock
c.   both a and b
d.   none of the above

What is the inability to breathe while sleeping?

a.   insomnia
b.   maintenance insomnia
c.   sleep apnea
d.   narcolepsy

In each succeeding stage of sleep, what occurs to the heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity?

a.   heart rate is decreased, breathing rate is decreased, and heart rate is increased.
b.   all three functions are increased.
c.
d.

In each succeeding stage of sleep, what occurs to the heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity?

a.   heart rate is decreased, breathing rate is decreased, and brain activity is increased.
b.   all three functions are increased.
c.   all three functions are decreased.
d.    heart rate and breathing rate are increased, while brain activity is decreased.

The three categories of Insomnia are:

a.   onset, maintenance, and termination.
b.   primary, secondary, and tertiary.
c.   apnia, onset, and paralysis.
d.   onset, controlled, and maintenance.

Hypovolemic thirst is:

a.   based on concentration levels of body fluids.
b.   dependent upon baroreceptors and hormones.
c.   dependent on osmotic pressure.
d.   both a and b.

When one tries a new food and becomes sick after eating, the brain will blame the food, resulting in a lack of desire for that food. This is known as:

a.   discontent taste theory
b.   sham-feeding
c.   taste-learned avoidance.
d.   conditioned taste aversion.

A person involved with shift work would best adapt to the new time schedule by:

a.   giving themselves time for their body's to adjust.
b.   working in dimly-lit areas to promote their sleepiness.
c.   working in brightly-lit areas to simulate day-light and sleeping in the dark.
d.   sleeping on the job.

Circadian Rhythms are controlled by what part of the brain?

a.   suprachiasmatic nucleus
b.   pons
c.   brain stem
d.   pineal gland

This neurotransmitter acts to inhibit the arousal system of the brain in preparation for sleep:

a.   Norepinephrine
b.   Acetylcholine
c.   adenosine
d.   glutamate

This neurotic disorder is characterized by the gradual progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigra and amygdala:

a.   Huntington's Disease
b.   Parkinson's Disease
c.   Paralysis
d.   ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease)

This part of the brain controls body temperature regulation:

a.   Cerebellum
b.   Cerebral Cortex
c.   Medulla Oblongata
d.   Hypothalamus

This stage of sleep is the most frequent stage exhibited in sleep cycles:

a.   Stage 2
b.   Stage 4
c.   Stage 3
d.   REM sleep

The muscle spindle is a proprioceptor for ____________ and the Golgi tendon is a for _______________??

a.   Streching, Contraction
b.   Contraction, Streching
c.   Touch, taste
d.   taste, touch

A person with damage to the posterior parietal cortex can do what?

a.   compete in the Olympics
b.   walk toward what they see
c.   walk toward what they can see
d.   reach and grasp an object

Chemical (s)/ Hormone(s) that promote sleep are/ is

a.   melatonin
b.   Adenosine
c.   Prostaglandins
d.   both a and c

Which type of animals need greater amounts of fuel to control their body temperature?

a.   exothermic
b.   hyperthermic
c.   poikilothermic
d.   homeothermic

What part of the hypothalamus is linked to male sexual behavior?

a.   both b and c
b.   love medial partalus
c.   anterior sex driver
d.   sexually dimorphic nucleus

A deficit of acetylcholine or its receptors may....

a.   impair movement
b.   cause myasthenia gravis
c.   cause rapid fatigue of skeletal muscles
d.   all of the above

The dorsolateral tract controls...

a.   detailed movement
b.   movement in periphery
c.   trunk muscles
d.   Both a & b are correct

REM sleep is more prevalent in...

a.   older people
b.   those who get little sleep
c.   younger people
d.   species that sleep during the night

What may cause maternal behavior?

a.   Hormones released at time of giving birth.
b.   prolonged exposure to young
c.   odor given off by young stimulates mother's vomeronasal organ
d.   All of the above

Damage to the supplementary cortex:

a.   results in people accurately describing what they see, they have trouble converting their perception into action.
b.   results in symptons resembling intoxication.
c.   impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.
d.   increases the time in which people need in order to shift their attention.

Which of the following statements is false?

a.   After damage to the SCN, the body still has rhytms, but they are less consistent and no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark.
b.   Melatonin decreases sleepiness.
c.   During paradoxical or REM sleep, the EEG shows irregular, low-voltage fast waves.
d.   Light, strenuous exercise, noises, meals, and temperature are all zeitgebers for humans.

The sleep-related basal forebrain cells get much of their input from:

a.   locus coeruleus
b.   preoptic area of the hypothalamus
c.   anterior area of the hypothalamus
d.   both b and c

This area of the brain is most critical for temperature control:

a.   posterier hypothalamus
b.   anterior pituitary
c.   posterior pituitary
d.   preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus

When the body's sodium reserves are low, the adrenal glands produce:

a.   aldosterone
b.   leptin
c.   neuropeptide Y
d.   both b and c

A motor program is....

a.   a proprioceptor that acts as a brake against vigorous action
b.   a fixed sequence of movements, either learned or "built in"
c.   a reflex that elicits another action
d.   a type of sensory receptor

After action potentials in parallel fibers excite Purkinje cells, what happens?

a.   Purkinje cells transmit an inhibitory message to cells in the nuclei of the cerebellum
b.   parallel fibers are stimulated
c.   Purkin. fibers transmit an exitatory message to the cerebral cortex
d.   none of the above

One example of a zietgeber is...

a.   noises
b.   light
c.   temperature of environment
d.   all of the above

the human body usually responds to westward travel with...

a.   phase advance
b.   phase delay
c.   staying awake later
d.   both b & c

What part of the reticular formation contributes to cortical arousal?

a.   basal forebrain
b.   paraventricular nucleus
c.   pontomesencephalon
d.   preoptic area

Which does not occur during REM sleep?

a.   facial twitches
b.   rapid eye movement
c.   slow wave sleep
d.   relaxed postural muscles

Which is the loss of sensation and muschle control in the arm and leg on one side?

a.   paraplegia
b.   hemiplegia
c.   quadriplegia
d.   paralysis

Cataplexy is defined as what following definition?

a.   frequent periods of sleepliness during the day
b.   repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes arms
c.   vigourous movement during REM periods
d.   an attack of muscle weakness while the person remains awake

What type of insomnia is characterized by waking up to early and not being able to go back to sleep?

a.   termination insomnia
b.   onset insomnia
c.   maintenance insomnia
d.   none of the above

What is attached to the large veins and detects pressure of blood returning to the heart?

a.   angitensin II
b.   baroreceptors
c.   vasopressin
d.   antidiuretic hormone

The primary motor cortex

a.   sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord.
b.   includes the somatomotor, supplementary, premotor, prefrontal motor cortex, as well as the basal ganglia.
c.   controls isolated movements of individual muscles.
d.   all of the above.

Which of the following is not a current or potential treatment for Parkinson's Disease?

a.   L-dopa
b.   nicotine
c.   antioxidants
d.   dopamine pills

REM sleep occurs

a.   only early in a night's sleep.
b.   cyclically, about every 90 minutes.
c.   only after a period of physical activity.
d.   randomly throughout the night.

Which of the following is primarily associated with REM sleep?

a.   night terrors
b.   nightmares
c.   sleep walking
d.   all of the above

Leptin

a.   increases eating.
b.   is reduced in quantity in overweight people.
c.   is produced by fat cells.
d.   is a neurotransmitter produced by the brain.

Which type of muscle fibers are found predominately in internal organs?

a.   soft muscle tissue
b.   voluntary muscle tissue
c.   Smooth muscle tissue
d.   skeletal muscle tissue

Which is the major zeitgeber for humans?

a.   activity
b.   loud sounds
c.   smell
d.   bright light

What is the primary characteristic of stages 3 and 4 sleep?

a.   K-complexes
b.   synchronized neural activity
c.   sleep spindles
d.   alpha waves

Which is not a major symptom of narcolepsy?

a.   Sleep Paralysis
b.   hypnagogic hallucinations
c.   occasional cataplexy
d.   inability to breathe during sleep

WHich of the following is a disorder characterized by periodic, involuntary movements of the legs or arms

a.   REM behavior disorder
b.   Maintenance insomnia
c.   Periodic limb movement disorder
d.   Night terrors

****CORRECTION****
A person with damage to the posterior partiel cortex can do what??

a.   compete in the Olympics
b.   walk toward what they can see
c.   walk toward what they can hear
d.   reach and grasp an object

*****Correction*****
Why did we evolve a body temp of 37 degrees C????

a.   We have better mechanisms of heating ourselves than cooling ourselves
b.   We gain an advantage by being as warm as possible
c.   We hate to be cold
d.   both a & c

Vasopressin is also known as?

a.   testosterone
b.   ADH
c.   estrogen
d.   insulin

Cataplexy is a symptom of what sleep disorder?

a.   insomnia
b.   REM behavior disorder
c.   periodic limb movement disorder
d.   narcolepsy

Stages 3 and 4 are collectively known as?

a.   slow wave sleep
b.   REM
c.   deep sleep
d.   sleep walking

People who smoke are less likely to get what disease?

a.   Lung cancer
b.   Huntington's disease
c.   Parkinson's disease
d.   Sleep apnia

People who smoke are less likely to get what disease?

a.   Lung cancer
b.   Huntington's disease
c.   Parkinson's disease
d.   Sleep apnia

What are saccades?

a.   an insect
b.   ballistic eye movement
c.   hormones that cause overeating
d.   responsible for REM sleep

What are the two genes that produce proteins that are present in only small amounts early in the morning and increase throughout the day?

a.   tim and sin
b.   sin and per
c.   tim and per
d.   sin and bic

Melatonin is a hromone released by what?

a.   hypothalamus
b.   adrenal gland
c.   suprachiasmatic nucleus
d.   pineal gland

Which is not a principal area of the motor cortex in the human brain

a.   premotor cortex
b.   thalamus
c.   central sulcus
d.   posterior parietal cortex

In the cellular organization of the cerebellum, which of the following structures do not belong?

a.   motor cell
b.   climbing fiber
c.   golgi cell
d.   parallel fiber

The hypothalamus releases which neurotransmitter(s)?

a.   GABA
b.   serotonin
c.   histamine
d.   both a and c

The hypothalaums releases which neurotransmitter(s)?

a.   GABA
b.   serotonin
c.   histmine
d.   both a and c

Broca's Aphasia impairs what part of the brain?

a.   left frontal cortex
b.   right frontal cortex
c.   left cerebral cortex
d.   right cerebral cortex

Wernicke's area contains memories of what?

a.   the word itself
b.   the sound of the word
c.   muscle movements to produce words
d.   perceptions and memories

Astereognosis is the inability to do what?

a.   identify objects in the visual field
b.   identify objects placed in the left hand
c.   identify objects placed in the right hand
d.   identify objects placed in the contralateral hand

This is not part of Maclean's Triune Brain?

a.   Brain stem
b.   cerebral cortex
c.   thymus
d.   b & c

Alcohol and barbiturates facilitate the binding of what?

a.   GABA
b.   DBI
c.   diazepam
d.   carbolines

Which of the following do cytokines NOT have an effect on?

a.   Sleepiness
b.   appetite
c.   sex drive
d.   stress

Low serotonin activity is linked with what type of behaviour?

a.   agressive
b.   docile
c.   happiness
d.   none of the above

Phenomenone that seeing or hearing words temporarily increases one's probability of using them

a.   confabulation
b.   priming
c.   habituation
d.   configural learning

A syndrome charcterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language

a.
b.   Williams Syndrome
c.   Wernicke's aphasia
d.   Korsakoff's syndrome

A syndrome charcterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language

a.   amnesia
b.   Williams Syndrome
c.   Wernicke's aphasia
d.   Korsakoff's syndrome

A bipolar disorder characterized by restless activity, excitement, laughter, self-confidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions

a.   unipolar disorder
b.   manic-depressive disorder
c.   bipolar disorder
d.   mania

Which hormone is considered the stress hormone?

a.   cortisol
b.   testosterone
c.   thyroid
d.   growth hormone

What area of the brain is associated with aggressiveness?

a.   corticomedial area of amygadala
b.   ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
c.   Broca's area
d.   both a and b

During recovery from aphasia the greatest improvement is seen during?

a.   immediately after the injruy
b.   1 year after the injury
c.   there is no way to improve aphasia
d.   none of the above

the angular gyrus is associated with...?

a.   sexual desires
b.   speaking
c.   comprehending the written language
d.   swimming the English channel

which of the following is an advantage of pharmalogical agents?

a.   they are reversible
b.   brief, timed effects
c.   can be given systematically or locally
d.   all of the above

Structural changes during memory storage consist of?

a.   change of the size of synaptic contact area
b.   the overall brain size increases
c.   the number of terminals used stays the same
d.   all of the above

the theory that assures that the autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first and what we experience as an emotion is the label we give to our physical response is

a.   the james-lange theory of emotions
b.   the cannon-bard theory of emotions
c.   the schachter-singer theory of emotions
d.   the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

the theory that says that physiological changes are the measurers of an emotion intensity, that need to be linked to some kind of cognitive appraisal to identify which emotion it is, is

a.   the james-lange theory of emotions
b.   the cannon-bard theory of emotions
c.   the schachter-singer theory of emotions
d.   the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

the theory that a stimulus evokes the emotional experience and the physical arousal simultaneously but independently is

a.   the james-lange theory of emotions
b.   the cannon-bard theory of emotions
c.   the schachter-singer theory of emotions
d.   the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

the theory that says that the cognitive appraisal of a stimuli causes the physical arousal is

a.   the james-lange theory of emotions
b.   the cannon-bard theory of emotions
c.   the schachter-singer theory of emotions
d.   the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

the theory that says that the cognitive appraisal of a stimuli causes the physical arousal is

a.   the james-lange theory of emotions
b.   the cannon-bard theory of emotions
c.   the schachter-singer theory of emotions
d.   the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions

Which is the effect of CORTISOL secrection?

a.   lowers both, blood sugar level and metabolism
b.   lowers blood sugar level and enhances metabolism
c.   raises both, blood sugar levels and metabolism
d.   raises blood sugar level and decreases metabolism.

which one is the cause of Stress being harmful to the inmune system?

a.   stressed people develop an autoinduced inmune indefension syndrom in order to stop the activity
b.   people exposed to stressfull situations are also exposed, always, to unhigienic conditions
c.   leukocytes become also stressed and need to rest, lowering body defenses
d.   increased metabolism caused by cortisol presence directs away body energy from protein synthesis

how do the T Cells work?

a.   directly attacking antigens, and stimulating reproduction of other defensive bodies
b.   attaching the intruder and injectin Cl, poisonous
c.   eating the intruder
d.   metabolizing antigens and mimiccing their behavior

the chemicals released to activate the inmune system and to "order" the brain to elicit anti-ilness behaviors are called

a.   benzopaines
b.   glucocorticoids
c.   cytokines
d.   iamsickines

"natural killer" cells are

a.   very precise in their targets
b.   reactive to temperature
c.   relatively non specific in their targets
d.   typical from psychos

the science that deals with the ways in which experiences alter the inmune system, and how the inmune system in turn influences the CNS is called

a.   stressology
b.   behavioral inmunopsychology
c.   psychoinmunologic neurology
d.   psychoneuroinmunology

Cortisol levels in people suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder are

a.   higher than normal
b.   lower than normal
c.   normal, but more reactive due to the overproduction of CRH
d.   Fluctuating between extremes

In the reinforecment system, the substantia nigra releases dopamine which then goest to the...

a.   Neostriatum
b.   Hypothalums
c.   Nucleus accumbens
d.   None of the above

When the hippocampus is lesioned, what type of memory is retained?

a.   Declarative
b.   Working
c.   Reference
d.   Procedural

Which is the best state of arousal for memory formation?

a.   High
b.   Moderate
c.   Low
d.   All of the above produce the equal amount of memory formation

The left side of the brain is to what as the right side of the brain?

a.   Music perception/ Language
b.   More happy/ Less happy
c.   Fcuses on details/ Focuses on overall patterns
d.   Both B and C are correct

What is a couse for depression?

a.   Hormone changes
b.   Stress
c.   Genetics
d.   All of the above

Which of the following brain structures is not included in the limbic system?

a.   hypothalamus
b.   amygdala
c.   hippocampus
d.   All of the above are included

Which theory of emotions would say "I am afraid because I run away" or "I am angry because I attack"?

a.   Cannon-Bard theory
b.   James-Lange theory
c.   Schachter-Singer theory
d.   None of the above

Which theory of emotion would say "I am afraid because I run away" or "I am angry because I attack"?

a.   Cannon-Bard theory
b.   James-Lange theory
c.   Schachter-Singer theory
d.   None of the above

Which of the following is a component of working memory as identified by Baddeley and Hitch?

a.   phonological loop
b.   visuospatial sketchpad
c.   central executive
d.   All of the above

Which type of amnesia is responsible for loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before brain damage?

a.   retrograde amnesia
b.   anterograde amnesia
c.   infant amnesia
d.   None of the above

Finish the statement: In humans the left visual field projects onto the ....

a.   left half of each retina, which sends axons to the right hemisphere
b.   left half of each retina, which sends axons to the left hemisphere
c.   right half of each retina, which sends axons to the right hemisphere
d.   right half of each retina, which sends axons to the left hemisphere

The limbic system:

a.   is composed of two structures in the brain
b.   forms a border around the brainstem
c.   is a network of nerves that begins in the brainstem
d.   none of the above

Damage to or removal of the amygdala leads to:

a.   tameness
b.   aggression
c.   happiness
d.   moodiness

Long-term memory is:

a.   memory that is preserved in the brain for a long time
b.   memory that takes a long time to be completely preserved in the brain
c.   events from previous times
d.   a combination of a and c

Retrograde amnesia can be described as:

a.   loss of memories for events that happened after brain damage
b.   loss of memory for events that happened shortly before brain damage
c.   failure to recall information that one recognizes as memory
d.   loss of all memory at the time of brain damage

People who have undergone damage to the corpus callosum are referred to as:

a.   schizophrenic
b.   split-psyche
c.   split-brain
d.   wacko

Which of the following is NOT an effect of stress on the immune system?

a.   A brief amount of stress strengthens the immune system.
b.   Continued stress takes away the energy required for the immune system's proteins.
c.   It increases the vulnerability of neurons in the hippocampus.
d.   Stress decreases cortisol levels.

Which is the loss of memory for events that happened after brain damage?

a.   retrograde amnesia
b.   post-traumatic amnesia
c.   short-term amnesia
d.   anterograde amnesia

Which is the influence of recent experiences on behavior?

a.   implicit memory
b.   declarative memory
c.   procedural memory
d.   explicit memory

Which is NOT true of the right hemisphere of the brain?

a.   It is crucial for emotional content of speech.
b.   It focuses more on details.
c.   It is acitvated more by fear & anger than happiness.
d.   It better comprehends spatial relationships.

Which of the following demonstrates mental retardation but skillful use of language?

a.   Broca's aphasia
b.   Wernicke's aphasia
c.   William's syndrome
d.   Korsakoff's syndrome

How does Ca+ enhance responsiveness at the synapse?

a.   It activates various genes.
b.
c.
d.

How does Ca+ enhance responsiveness at the synapse?

a.   It activates various genes.
b.   It activates CaMKII
c.   both a and b
d.   None of the above

What happens when an object is presented in the right visual field of a split brain person??

a.   The person could identify the object easily.
b.   The person could only point to it with the left hand.
c.   The person could not identify the object.
d.   The person could describe the object, but couldn't name it.

How does the right hemisphere contribute to perception?

a.   It is more specialized for music perception.
b.   It is more adept at comprehending visual patterns/spatial relationships.
c.   It is dominant in recognizing emotions in others.
d.   all of the above

People with Broca's Aphasia often have trouble with....

a.   anomia
b.   comprehending speech
c.   making any sound at all
d.   impaired language production

What are the four major categories of antidepressant drugs?

a.   MAOI's, tricyclics, aytypical antidepres., glutamate inhibitors
b.   SSRI's, MAOI's, glumate inhibitors, tricyclics
c.   SSRI's, MAOI's, tricyclics, atypical antidepressants
d.   lithium, glutamate inhibitors, atypical antidepressants, SSRI's

Which theory about emotions claims that the autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first and that what we experience as an emotion is the label we give to our responses?

a.   Schachter-Singer theory
b.   James-Lange theory
c.   Cannon-Bard theory
d.   none of the above

Which is a defense mechanism used by the immune system?

a.   B cells
b.   macrophages
c.   T cells
d.   all of the above

Which is true of classical conditioning?

a.   a reinforcement increases the future probability of a response
b.   pairing two stimuli changes the response to one of them
c.   a punishment suppresses the frequency of a response
d.   all of the above

According to Baddeley and Hitch which is a component of working memory?

a.   a phonological loop
b.   a visuospatial sketchpad
c.    the central executive
d.   all of the above

Which is the loss of memories for events that happened after brain damage?

a.   anterograde amnesia
b.   retrograde amnesia
c.   aftermath amnesia
d.   none of the above

Which of the following is not related to low serotonin levels?

a.   impulsiveness
b.   aggressive behavior
c.   obsessive compulsive activities
d.   increased fear

Fear is not controlled by which of the following parts of the brain?

a.   pons
b.   amygdala
c.   hippocampus
d.   prefrontal cortex

Which theory states that the physiological changes would tell you how strong your emotion is, but you would need some cognitive stimulus to identify which emotion it is.

a.   Commonsense theory
b.   Jams-lang theory
c.   Schachter-Singer theory
d.   Cannon-Bard theory

The Hippocampus is not primarily associated with what type of activities?

a.   working memory
b.   spatial memory
c.   nonspatial memory
d.   declarative memory

Which of the following is not one of the three components of working memory?

a.   phonological loop
b.   auditory executive
c.   visuospatial sketchpad
d.   central executive

Which receptor responds to glutamate more strongly?

a.   NMDA
b.   AMPA
c.   Both
d.   Neither, they are equal

SAD has what type of sleep defect?

a.   phase advanced
b.   inability ot enter REM sleep
c.   phase delayed
d.   there are no sleep defects with SAD

What is the concordance rate for monozygotic twins with schizophrenia?

a.   28%
b.   36%
c.   48%
d.   62%

When someone takes a guess at the answer to a question, and then accepts that guess as if it from memory, it is known as...

a.   confabulation
b.   primimg
c.   associativity
d.   configural learning

What two principles about the nervous system did Lashley propose regaurding learning and memory?

a.   equipotentiality and priming
b.   equipotentiality and mass action
c.   mass action and consolidation
d.   priming and consolidation

Which brain system(s) can influence control over aggressive behavior?

a.   Forebrain
b.   Hypothalamus
c.   Limbic System
d.   All of the Above

Memory formation can be enhanced or impaired by:

a.   Arousal State
b.   Emotional State
c.   Outside Agents
d.   All of the Above

These hemispheres harbor happy:hostile emotions?

a.   left : right
b.   right : left
c.   both left
d.   both right

Astereognosis and Prosopagnosia are disabilities associated with damage to:

a.   Limbic System
b.   Frontal Lobes
c.   Parietal Cortex
d.   Hippocampus

Thought disorder, delusions and hallucinations are all positive symptoms for:

a.   Depression
b.   Schizophrenia
c.   Bi Polar Disorder
d.   Mania

Ulcers

a.   developed during periods of rest between shock.
b.   occured more frequently in rats with control of the stressor.
c.   occured more frequently in monkeys without control of the stressor.
d.   all of the above

H.M.

a.   had a terrific memory for numbers but can learn no new skills.
b.   acquired severe epilepsy as a result of the surgery.
c.   had his hippocampus removed because of his uncontrollable violence.
d.   has more severe problems with declaritive than with procedural memory.

A patient has great difficulty with language comprehension, including unintelligible speech and the inability to understand what he reads or hears. He has no difficulty with articulation and he has good tone. The patient probably has damage in

a.   Broca's area.
b.   the corpus callosum.
c.   Wernicke's area.
d.   none of the above

Of the following listed, which is not a type of antidepressant drug?

a.   tricyclics
b.   dopamine receptor blockers
c.   monoamine oxidase inhibitors
d.   seratonin reuptake inhibitors

Which of the following is/are component(s) of working memory:

a.   phonological loop
b.   central executive
c.   visuospatial sketchpad
d.   all of the above

Memory impairment can be reduced if ECT is delivered:

a.   in very high doses many times a week
b.   to the left hemisphere
c.   to the right hemisphere
d.   to the occipital lobe

Which theory states that autonomic responses occur before emotions?

a.   locked-in theory
b.   Cannon-Brd Theory
c.   Schachter-Singer Theory
d.   James-Lange theory

Which of the following is not part of the immune system?

a.   Helper T-cells
b.   epithelial cells
c.   Macrophages
d.   B cells

Which kind of memory did HM have the most impairement with?

a.   procedural memory
b.   explicit memory
c.   working memory
d.   implicit memory

What is the term for when many axons stimulate a dendrite and leave it more responsive to new input of the same type?

a.   sensitization
b.   Long term potentiation
c.   long term depression
d.   associativity

Which of these is not a theory on emotion?

a.   Schachter's Theory
b.   Cannon-Bard Theory
c.   Quarterman Theory
d.   James-Lang Theory

The brain is composed of more areas for reward or punishment?

a.   more punishment
b.   more reward
c.   same for both
d.   there are niether types of regions in the brain

High levels of ______ and low levels of ______ lead to aggression?

a.   seritonin; testosterone
b.   testosterone; seritonin
c.   estrogen; seritonin
d.   testosterone; estrogen

The hippocampus is responsible for what part of memory?

a.   does not play a part
b.   transfer from long term to short term
c.   transfer from short term to long term
d.   flash bulb memories

Which is not a memory process?

a.   Encoding
b.   Consolidation
c.   Retrieval
d.   Activate

All of the following are involved in growth and development of neurons EXCEPT

a.   proliferation
b.   differentiation
c.   myelination
d.   elongation

In lateral inhibition, each receptor excites a horizontal cell, which inhibits which cells?

a.   other horizontal cells
b.   bipolar cells
c.    amacrine cells
d.   ganglion cells

The term related to relief from pain is...

a.   analgesia
b.   anandamide
c.   capsaicin
d.   coding

a.
b.
c.
d.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that attacks which receptors at neuromuscular junctions?

a.   nicotonic
b.   dopamine
c.   acetyocholine
d.   none of the above

A local neuron is a small neuron with what kind of axon?

a.   no axon
b.   short axon
c.   long axon
d.   both a & b

Mutations

a.   result from the recombination of genes from the two parents.
b.   are random genetic changes that are usually maladaptive.
c.   are so rare that they almost never affect inheritance.
d.   both a and c.

The limbic system

a.   is a set of isolated areas that are important for different aspets of memory.
b.   is a set of interlinked structures that are important for motivated and emotional behaviors.
c.   gets its name from the latin word for bridge.
d.   is another term for the basal ganglia

If a cuff closes the outlet from the stomach to the small intestine

a.   the animal will not eat because of the trauma of the cuff.
b.   the animal will eat a normal-sized meal and stop.
c.   the animal will eat a normal sized meal, wait for it to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach, and then eat again.
d.   the animal will continue eating indefinitely unless someone takes the food away.

FSH

a.   is secreted from the uterus.
b.   stimulates the follicle to grow and produce LH.
c.   is secreted from the follicle.
d.   stimulates the follicle to grow, nurture the ovum, and produce estrogen.

Habituation in Aplysiais the result of

a.   a decrease in the firing rate of a facilitating interneuron.
b.   a decrease in the firing rate of the sensory neuron.
c.   muscle fatigue.
d.   a change in the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron.

Stages 3 and 4

a.   are characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
b.   are known together as slow wave sleep.
c.   are the stages during which REM occurs.
d.   are characterized by jagged, irregular, low-voltage waves.

                                           EXAM I
                 FALL, 2001

The resting potential is a product of what force(s)?

a.   opening of the Na+ gates
b.   osmotic pressure
c.   electrostatic pressure
d.   both b and c

The anterior pituitary produces what hormone(s)?

a.   follicle stimulating hormone
b.   antidiuretic hormone
c.   oxytoxin
d.   tyroid releasing hormone

Cerebral spinal fluid...

a.   mediates between blood vessels and brain tissue in exchange of materials
b.   is located outside of the ventricles
c.   acts as a shock absorber or cushion
d.   both a and c

Relative stimuli occurring within a brief time that can have a cumulative effect is referred to as...

a.   spatial summation
b.   synaptic potential
c.   inhibition
d.   temporal summation

When the sodium gates are firmly closed and the membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of the stimulation, this is know as the...

a.   refractory period
b.   absolute refractory period
c.   potential refractory period
d.   relative refractory period

Which of the following is NOT a reason to do research on animals?

a.   Sheds light on human evolution
b.   Some experiments are unethical to perform on humans.
c.   Most of the animals that research is done on spead disease so it helps humans as well.
d.   It is easier to address underlying mechanisms in animals than in humans.

Which of the following is not a method used to study the brain?

a.   Lesion
b.   Dubbing
c.   Stimulation
d.   Recording

What is the function of Lysosomes?

a.   They act as an intracellular digestive system
b.   They form an outer cytoskeleton of a cell
c.   They serve as a transport system within the cell
d.   They produce proteins

Which of the following is not a type of Glial Cell?

a.   Oligodendroglia
b.   Schwann Cells
c.   Astrocytes
d.   Endothelial Cells

What is the charge on the inside of cell with respect to the outside?

a.   -70 to -80 mV
b.   70 to 80 mV
c.   -90 to -100 mV
d.   90 to 100 mV

Sherrington pinched a dog in more than 1 spot at the same time to produce-

a.   excitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
b.   saltatory conduction
c.   temporal summation
d.   spatial summation

A postsynaptic receptor activation that is slower, longer lasting and involves a 2nd messanger is-

a.   ionotropic effect
b.   nuerotransmitter effect
c.   metabotropic effect
d.   hormonal effect

Which cranial nerve does NOT have both a sensory and motor component?

a.  abducens
b.  vagus
c.  occulomotor
d.  accessory

Which of these is an invasive technique of research?

a.  PET
b.  Stereotaxic surger
c.  MRI
d.  CT scan

Which part of the brain controls vital reflexes including breathing and heartbeat?

a.  medulla
b.  thalamus
c.  pituitary
d.  hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

Which is not an activity of the sympathetic nervous system?

a.  inc. heart rate
b.  inc. digestion
c.  inc. breathing rate
d.  inc. BP

Detereoration of the basal ganglia causes which disease?

a.  MS
b.  cancer
c.  Parkinsons
d.  ALzheimers

Which lobe of the brain controls motor movement?

a.  occipital
b.  temporal
c.  parietal
d.  frontal

Which is not a type of neuron?

a.   Sensory
b.   Motor
c.   Interneuron
d.   Outerneuron

A drug that binds tightly to a receptor but fails to stmulate it has a ________ affinity but a _______ efficacy.

a.   high; low
b.   low; high
c.   high; neutral
d.   none of the above

Which Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex is correctly matched with its function?

a.   Frontal (motor)
b.   Parietal (vision)
c.   Temporal (sensory)
d.   Occipital (audition)

Methyphenidate (Ritalin) and cocaine both block the reuptake of _______ at the same receptors in the brain?

a.   amphetamine
b.   Serotonin
c.   Dopamine
d.   Adenosine

A technique of the Physiological Psychologist is?

a.   Lesions
b.   Stimulation
c.   Recording
d.   All of the above

Of the following explanations of behavior, this explanation traces the interactions among genes, nutrition, and experiences and how they influence behavioral tendencies.

a.   physiological
b.   ontogenetic
c.   evolutionary
d.   functional

What is the main function of radial glial cells?

a.   phagocytic functions
b.   insulation
c.   guidewires for regrowth
d.   myelination

During resting memebrane potential, which of the following is true?

a.   electrostatic- Na wants inside, K wants to go outside; osmotic- Na wants inside, K wants to go outside
b.   Electrostatic- Cl wants inside, K wants inside; Osmotic- Na wants inside
c.   Electrostatic- K wants inside, Cl wants inside; Osmotic- Na wants inside, K wants outside
d.   Electrostatic- Na wants inside, K wants inside, Cl wants outside; Osmotic- K wants outside

This man developed the reflex arc.

a.   Sherrington
b.   Milner
c.   Loewi
d.   Ramon y Cajal

The hormone calcitonin is released from...?

a.   anterior pituitary
b.   posterior pituitary
c.   thyroid
d.   pancreas

1. A mother goes to the tanning bed everyday during her pregnancy with the hope that her daughter will be tan when she gets older. This belief is a principle of what type of evolution?

a.   Environmental
b.   Lamarckian
c.   Direct Heritability
d.   Individual