Latin Verbs: Master the Perfect Passive Forms

Perfect Tenses, Indicative Mood, All Conjugations (Cf. Wheelock 19)

LatinPraxis Index

Go directly to the table for: Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Remember this general guideline for verb-forms:

A Latin verb in a perfect tense and in a passive form will use two words:
(1) a past participle, and

(2) a form of the verb to be (esse).

Remember this basic principle of understanding:

The verb form from esse will no longer mean what it does when standing alone.

Amâta est does not mean "She is loved" but "She was (or has been) loved." To say "She is loved," use amâtur.

Likewise, amâtus erat means "He had been loved."

Amâta erit means "She will have been loved."

Here is the general rule for getting the passive voice forms for the perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect, future perfect) in just three steps:

STEP 1: Go to the FOURTH principal part of the verb.

E.g., amâtus, monitus, ductus, captus, audîtus.

STEP 2: Change it into the correct nominative form.

Make it agree in gender and number with the subject, as you would for any -us -a -um adjective; e.g., amâtus for masculine singular subjects, amâtae for feminine plural subjects; amâtum for neuter singular subjects.

STEP 3: Add the correct form of the verb to be for the tense and number that you need:

sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt for present perfect (also called perfect);

eram, erâs, erat, erâmus, erâtis, erant for past perfect (also called pluperfect);

erô, eris, erit, erimus, eritis erunt for future perfect.

videô: 4th part = vîsus, -a, -um

For the neuter plural subject animâlia, choose the neuter plural form vîsa.

To express that the animals had been seen, choose erant:

Illa animâlia vîsa erant. = Those animals had been seen.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

See the primary tenses.

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE

	Active Voice	Passive Voice

I have loved you have loved he have loveds we have loved you (pl.) have loved they have loved	amâvî amâvistî amâvit amâvimus amâvistis amâvêrunt	amâtus sum amâtus es amâtus est amâtî sumus amâtî estis amâtî sunt	I have been loved you have been loved he has been loved we have been loved you (pl.) have been loved they have been loved
I have reminded you have reminded he have remindeds we have reminded you (pl.) have reminded they have reminded	monuî monuistî monuit monuimus monuistis monuêrunt	monitus sum monitus es monitus est monitî sumus monitî estis monitî sunt	I have been reminded you have been reminded he has been reminded we have been reminded you (pl.) have been reminded they have been reminded
I have led you have led he have leds we have led you (pl.) have led they have led	dûxî dûxistî dûxit dûximus dûxistis dûxêrunt	ductus sum ductus es ductus est ductî sumus ductî estis ductî sunt	I have been led you have been led he has been led we have been led you (pl.) have been led they have been led
I have taken you have taken he have takens we have taken you (pl.) have taken they have taken	cêpî cêpistî cêpit cêpimus cêpistis cêpêrunt	captus sum captus es captus est captî sumus captî estis captî sunt	I have been taken you have been taken he has been taken we have been taken you (pl.) have been taken they have been taken
I have heard you have heard he have heards we have heard you (pl.) have heard they have heard	audîvî audîvistî audîvit audîvimus audîvistis audîvêrunt	audîtus sum audîtus es audîtus est audîtî sumus audîtî estis audîtî sunt	I have been heard you have been heard he has been heard we have been heard you (pl.) have been heard they have been heard

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE

	Active Voice	Passive Voice

I had loved you had loved he had loved we had loved you (pl.) had loved they had loved	amâveram amâverâs amâverat amâverâmus amâverâtis amâverant	amâtus eram amâtus erâs amâtus erat amâtî erâmus amâtî erâtis amâtî erant	I had been loved you had been loved he had been loved we had been loved you (pl.) had been loved they had been loved
I had reminded you had reminded he had reminded we had reminded you (pl.) had reminded they had reminded	monueram monuerâs monuerat monuerâmus monuerâtis monuerant	monitus eram monitus erâs monitus erat monitî erâmus monitî erâtis monitî erant	I had been reminded you had been reminded he had been reminded we had been reminded you (pl.) had been reminded they had been reminded
I had led you had led he had led we had led you (pl.) had led they had led	dûxeram dûxerâs dûxerat dûxerâmus dûxerâtis dûxerant	ductus eram ductus erâs ductus erat ductî erâmus ductî erâtis ductî erant	I had been led you had been led he had been led we had been led you (pl.) had been led they had been led
I had taken you had taken he had taken we had taken you (pl.) had taken they had taken	cêperam cêperâs cêperat cêperâmus cêperâtis cêperant	captus eram captus erâs captus erat captî erâmus captî erâtis captî erant	I had been taken you had been taken he had been taken we had been taken you (pl.) had been taken they had been taken
I had heard you had heard he had heard we had heard you (pl.) had heard they had heard	audîveram audîverâs audîverat audîverâmus audîverâtis audîverant	audîtus eram audîtus erâs audîtus erat audîtî erâmus audîtî erâtis audîtî erant	I had been heard you had been heard he had been heard we had been heard you (pl.) had been heard they had been heard

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE

	Active Voice	Passive Voice

I will have loved you will have loved he will have loved we will have loved you (pl.) will have loved they will have loved	amâverô amâveris amâverit amâverimus amâveritis amâverint	amâtus erô amâtus eris amâtus erit amâtî erimus amâtî eritis amâtî erunt	I will have been loved you will have been loved he will have been loved we will have been loved you (pl.) will have been loved they will have been loved
I will have reminded you will have reminded he will have reminded we will have reminded you (pl.) will have reminded they will have reminded	monuerô monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis monuerint	monitus erô monitus eris monitus erit monitî erimus monitî eritis monitî erunt	I will have been reminded you will have been reminded he will have been reminded we will have been reminded you (pl.) will have been reminded they will have been reminded
I will have led you will have led he will have led we will have led you (pl.) will have led they will have led	dûxerô dûxeris dûxerit dûxerimus dûxeritis dûxerint	ductus erô ductus eris ductus erit ductî erimus ductî eritis ductî erunt	I will have been led you will have been led he will have been led we will have been led you (pl.) will have been led they will have been led
I will have taken you will have taken he will have taken we will have taken you (pl.) will have taken they will have taken	cêperô cêperis cêperit cêperimus cêperitis cêperint	captus erô captus eris captus erit captî erimus captî eritis captî erunt	I will have been taken you will have been taken he will have been taken we will have been taken you (pl.) will have been taken they will have been taken
I will have heard you will have heard he will have heard we will have heard you (pl.) will have heard they will have heard	audîverô audîveris audîverit audîverimus audîveritis audîverint	audîtus erô audîtus eris audîtus erit audîtî erimus audîtî eritis audîtî erunt	I will have been heard you will have been heard he will have been heard we will have been heard you (pl.) will have been heard they will have been heard

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

See the primary tenses.

Latin Teaching Materials at Saint Louis University: © Claude Pavur 1997 - 2006. This material is being made freely available for non-commercial educational use.

Latin Verbs: Master the Perfect Passive Forms

Perfect Tenses, Indicative Mood, All Conjugations (Cf. Wheelock 19)

LatinPraxis Index

Go directly to the table for: Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Remember this general guideline for verb-forms:

A Latin verb in a perfect tense and in a passive form will use two words: (1) a past participle, and (2) a form of the verb to be (esse).

Remember this basic principle of understanding:

The verb form from esse will no longer mean what it does when standing alone.

Amâta est does not mean "She is loved" but "She was (or has been) loved." To say "She is loved," use amâtur.

Likewise, amâtus erat means "He had been loved."

Amâta erit means "She will have been loved."

Here is the general rule for getting the passive voice forms for the perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect, future perfect) in just three steps:

STEP 1: Go to the FOURTH principal part of the verb. E.g., amâtus, monitus, ductus, captus, audîtus.

STEP 2: Change it into the correct nominative form. Make it agree in gender and number with the subject, as you would for any -us -a -um adjective; e.g., amâtus for masculine singular subjects, amâtae for feminine plural subjects; amâtum for neuter singular subjects.

videô: 4th part = vîsus, -a, -um

For the neuter plural subject animâlia, choose the neuter plural form vîsa.

To express that the animals had been seen, choose erant:

Illa animâlia vîsa erant. = Those animals had been seen.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

See the primary tenses.

PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE

Active Voice

Passive Voice

I have loved you have loved he have loveds we have loved you (pl.) have loved they have loved

amâvî amâvistî amâvit amâvimus amâvistis amâvêrunt

amâtus sum amâtus es amâtus est amâtî sumus amâtî estis amâtî sunt

I have been loved you have been loved he has been loved we have been loved you (pl.) have been loved they have been loved

I have reminded you have reminded he have remindeds we have reminded you (pl.) have reminded they have reminded

monuî monuistî monuit monuimus monuistis monuêrunt

monitus sum monitus es monitus est monitî sumus monitî estis monitî sunt

I have been reminded you have been reminded he has been reminded we have been reminded you (pl.) have been reminded they have been reminded

I have led you have led he have leds we have led you (pl.) have led they have led

dûxî dûxistî dûxit dûximus dûxistis dûxêrunt

ductus sum ductus es ductus est ductî sumus ductî estis ductî sunt

I have been led you have been led he has been led we have been led you (pl.) have been led they have been led

I have taken you have taken he have takens we have taken you (pl.) have taken they have taken

cêpî cêpistî cêpit cêpimus cêpistis cêpêrunt

captus sum captus es captus est captî sumus captî estis captî sunt

I have been taken you have been taken he has been taken we have been taken you (pl.) have been taken they have been taken

I have heard you have heard he have heards we have heard you (pl.) have heard they have heard

audîvî audîvistî audîvit audîvimus audîvistis audîvêrunt

audîtus sum audîtus es audîtus est audîtî sumus audîtî estis audîtî sunt

I have been heard you have been heard he has been heard we have been heard you (pl.) have been heard they have been heard

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE

Active Voice

Passive Voice

I had loved you had loved he had loved we had loved you (pl.) had loved they had loved

amâveram amâverâs amâverat amâverâmus amâverâtis amâverant

amâtus eram amâtus erâs amâtus erat amâtî erâmus amâtî erâtis amâtî erant

I had been loved you had been loved he had been loved we had been loved you (pl.) had been loved they had been loved

I had reminded you had reminded he had reminded we had reminded you (pl.) had reminded they had reminded

monueram monuerâs monuerat monuerâmus monuerâtis monuerant

monitus eram monitus erâs monitus erat monitî erâmus monitî erâtis monitî erant

I had been reminded you had been reminded he had been reminded we had been reminded you (pl.) had been reminded they had been reminded

I had led you had led he had led we had led you (pl.) had led they had led

dûxeram dûxerâs dûxerat dûxerâmus dûxerâtis dûxerant

ductus eram ductus erâs ductus erat ductî erâmus ductî erâtis ductî erant

I had been led you had been led he had been led we had been led you (pl.) had been led they had been led

I had taken you had taken he had taken we had taken you (pl.) had taken they had taken

cêperam cêperâs cêperat cêperâmus cêperâtis cêperant

captus eram captus erâs captus erat captî erâmus captî erâtis captî erant

I had been taken you had been taken he had been taken we had been taken you (pl.) had been taken they had been taken

I had heard you had heard he had heard we had heard you (pl.) had heard they had heard

audîveram audîverâs audîverat audîverâmus audîverâtis audîverant

audîtus eram audîtus erâs audîtus erat audîtî erâmus audîtî erâtis audîtî erant

I had been heard you had been heard he had been heard we had been heard you (pl.) had been heard they had been heard

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE

Active Voice

Passive Voice

I will have loved you will have loved he will have loved we will have loved you (pl.) will have loved they will have loved

amâverô amâveris amâverit amâverimus amâveritis amâverint

amâtus erô amâtus eris amâtus erit amâtî erimus amâtî eritis amâtî erunt

I will have been loved you will have been loved he will have been loved we will have been loved you (pl.) will have been loved they will have been loved

I will have reminded you will have reminded he will have reminded we will have reminded you (pl.) will have reminded they will have reminded

monuerô monueris monuerit monuerimus monueritis monuerint

monitus erô monitus eris monitus erit monitî erimus monitî eritis monitî erunt

I will have been reminded you will have been reminded he will have been reminded we will have been reminded you (pl.) will have been reminded they will have been reminded

I will have led you will have led he will have led we will have led you (pl.) will have led they will have led

A Latin verb in a perfect tense and in a passive form will use two words:
(1) a past participle, and

(2) a form of the verb to be (esse).

STEP 1: Go to the FOURTH principal part of the verb.

E.g., amâtus, monitus, ductus, captus, audîtus.

STEP 2: Change it into the correct nominative form.

Make it agree in gender and number with the subject, as you would for any -us -a -um adjective; e.g., amâtus for masculine singular subjects, amâtae for feminine plural subjects; amâtum for neuter singular subjects.

I have loved
you have loved
he have loveds
we have loved
you (pl.) have loved
they have loved

amâvî
amâvistî
amâvit
amâvimus
amâvistis
amâvêrunt

amâtus sum
amâtus es
amâtus est
amâtî sumus
amâtî estis
amâtî sunt

I have been loved
you have been loved
he has been loved
we have been loved
you (pl.) have been loved
they have been loved

I have reminded
you have reminded
he have remindeds
we have reminded
you (pl.) have reminded
they have reminded

monuî
monuistî
monuit
monuimus
monuistis
monuêrunt

monitus sum
monitus es
monitus est
monitî sumus
monitî estis
monitî sunt

I have been reminded
you have been reminded
he has been reminded
we have been reminded
you (pl.) have been reminded
they have been reminded

I have led
you have led
he have leds
we have led
you (pl.) have led
they have led

dûxî
dûxistî
dûxit
dûximus
dûxistis
dûxêrunt

ductus sum
ductus es
ductus est
ductî sumus
ductî estis
ductî sunt

I have been led
you have been led
he has been led
we have been led
you (pl.) have been led
they have been led

I have taken
you have taken
he have takens
we have taken
you (pl.) have taken
they have taken

cêpî
cêpistî
cêpit
cêpimus
cêpistis
cêpêrunt

captus sum
captus es
captus est
captî sumus
captî estis
captî sunt

I have been taken
you have been taken
he has been taken
we have been taken
you (pl.) have been taken
they have been taken

I have heard
you have heard
he have heards
we have heard
you (pl.) have heard
they have heard

audîvî
audîvistî
audîvit
audîvimus
audîvistis
audîvêrunt

audîtus sum
audîtus es
audîtus est
audîtî sumus
audîtî estis
audîtî sunt

I have been heard
you have been heard
he has been heard
we have been heard
you (pl.) have been heard
they have been heard

I had loved
you had loved
he had loved
we had loved
you (pl.) had loved
they had loved

amâveram
amâverâs
amâverat
amâverâmus
amâverâtis
amâverant

amâtus eram
amâtus erâs
amâtus erat
amâtî erâmus
amâtî erâtis
amâtî erant

I had been loved
you had been loved
he had been loved
we had been loved
you (pl.) had been loved
they had been loved

I had reminded
you had reminded
he had reminded
we had reminded
you (pl.) had reminded
they had reminded

monueram
monuerâs
monuerat
monuerâmus
monuerâtis
monuerant

monitus eram
monitus erâs
monitus erat
monitî erâmus
monitî erâtis
monitî erant

I had been reminded
you had been reminded
he had been reminded
we had been reminded
you (pl.) had been reminded
they had been reminded

I had led
you had led
he had led
we had led
you (pl.) had led
they had led

dûxeram
dûxerâs
dûxerat
dûxerâmus
dûxerâtis
dûxerant

ductus eram
ductus erâs
ductus erat
ductî erâmus
ductî erâtis
ductî erant

I had been led
you had been led
he had been led
we had been led
you (pl.) had been led
they had been led

I had taken
you had taken
he had taken
we had taken
you (pl.) had taken
they had taken

cêperam
cêperâs
cêperat
cêperâmus
cêperâtis
cêperant

captus eram
captus erâs
captus erat
captî erâmus
captî erâtis
captî erant

I had been taken
you had been taken
he had been taken
we had been taken
you (pl.) had been taken
they had been taken

I had heard
you had heard
he had heard
we had heard
you (pl.) had heard
they had heard

audîveram
audîverâs
audîverat
audîverâmus
audîverâtis
audîverant

audîtus eram
audîtus erâs
audîtus erat
audîtî erâmus
audîtî erâtis
audîtî erant

I had been heard
you had been heard
he had been heard
we had been heard
you (pl.) had been heard
they had been heard

I will have loved
you will have loved
he will have loved
we will have loved
you (pl.) will have loved
they will have loved

amâverô
amâveris
amâverit
amâverimus
amâveritis
amâverint

amâtus erô
amâtus eris
amâtus erit
amâtî erimus
amâtî eritis
amâtî erunt

I will have been loved
you will have been loved
he will have been loved
we will have been loved
you (pl.) will have been loved
they will have been loved

I will have reminded
you will have reminded
he will have reminded
we will have reminded
you (pl.) will have reminded
they will have reminded

monuerô
monueris
monuerit
monuerimus
monueritis
monuerint

monitus erô
monitus eris
monitus erit
monitî erimus
monitî eritis
monitî erunt

I will have been reminded
you will have been reminded
he will have been reminded
we will have been reminded
you (pl.) will have been reminded
they will have been reminded

I will have led
you will have led
he will have led
we will have led
you (pl.) will have led
they will have led

dûxerô
dûxeris
dûxerit
dûxerimus
dûxeritis
dûxerint

ductus erô
ductus eris
ductus erit
ductî erimus
ductî eritis
ductî erunt

I will have been led
you will have been led
he will have been led
we will have been led
you (pl.) will have been led
they will have been led

I will have taken
you will have taken
he will have taken
we will have taken
you (pl.) will have taken
they will have taken

cêperô
cêperis
cêperit
cêperimus
cêperitis
cêperint

captus erô
captus eris
captus erit
captî erimus
captî eritis
captî erunt

I will have been taken
you will have been taken
he will have been taken
we will have been taken
you (pl.) will have been taken
they will have been taken

I will have heard
you will have heard
he will have heard
we will have heard
you (pl.) will have heard
they will have heard

audîverô
audîveris
audîverit
audîverimus
audîveritis
audîverint

audîtus erô
audîtus eris
audîtus erit
audîtî erimus
audîtî eritis
audîtî erunt

I will have been heard
you will have been heard
he will have been heard
we will have been heard
you (pl.) will have been heard
they will have been heard